Psychology 301 Exam 4

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psychological disorder

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deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns

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medical model

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concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, or cured through treatment at a hospital

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attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

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disorder, which appeared by age seven, whose symptoms are extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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DSM-IV

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Edition)

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anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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panic disorder

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anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable episodes of intense dread where a person experiences terror, chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations

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phobia

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anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation

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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions

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Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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dissociative disorders

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psychological disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct alternating personalities (multiple personality disorder)

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personality disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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antisocial personality disorder

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personality disorder in which the person exhibits a lack of conscious for wrongdoing

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mood disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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major depressive disorder

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mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities

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mania

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mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state

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bipolar disorder

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mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and overexcited state of mania

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schizophrenia

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group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions

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delusions

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false beliefs that may accompany psychotic disorders

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psychotherapy

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treatment involving psychological techniques: interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

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biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system

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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy depending on the client's problems

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapy technique: Patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with the other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

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client-centered therapy

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which a therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

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active listening

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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles of elimination of unwanted behaviors

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counterconditioning

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a behavioral therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors

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exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques that treat anxieties by exposing people to things they fear and avoid

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systematic desensitization

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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increased anxiety-triggering stimuli

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virtual reality exposure therapy

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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears

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averse conditioning

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a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior

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token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting

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cognitive-behavioral therapy

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a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self defeating thinking) with behavioral therapy (changing behavior)

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family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. where an individual's unwanted behaviors are influenced by or directed at family members

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psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient

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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain

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psychosurgery

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surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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lobotomy

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a now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients: cutting the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain

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social psychology

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the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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attribution theory

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suggests how we explain someone's behavior--by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition

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fundamental attribution error

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the tendency of observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of the personal disposition

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attitude

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feelings that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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the tendency for people who have first agreed to small request to comply later with a larger request. Example: wearing a red ribbon (small) to support aids (large)

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role

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a set of explanations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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cognitive dissonance theory

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the theory that we act to reduce discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. Example: when a person goes through unpleasant hazing and still becomes fond of the group

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conformity

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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with the group standard

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normative social influence

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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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informational social influence

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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

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social facilitation

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stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

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social loafing

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the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal

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deindividuation

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the loss of self awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal

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group polarization

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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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groupthink

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the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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prejudice

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an unjustifiable negative attitude toward a group and its members

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stereotype

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a generalized belief about a group of people

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discrimination

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unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members

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ingroup

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"Us"--people with whom one shares a common identity

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outgroup

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"Them"--those perceived as different or apart from one's ingroup

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ingroup bias

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the tendency to favor one's own group

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scapegoat theory

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the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

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just-world phenomenon

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the tendency of people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

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aggression

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any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

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frustration-aggression principle

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the principle that frustration--the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal--creates anger which can generate aggression

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mere exposure effect

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the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

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passionate love

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a aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

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compassionate love

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the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined

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equity

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a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

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self disclosure

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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

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altruism

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unselfish regard for the welfare of others

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bystander effect

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the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

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conflict

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a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas

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superordinate goals

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shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

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GRIT

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Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction--strategy used to decrease international tensions