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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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phonology is...
syntax is... semantics is... |
...rules governing sounds
...rules governing sentence structure ...rules used to communicate meaning |
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phonemes...
morphemes... "cats" has how many phonemes/morphemes |
...smalles significant sound units in speech
...smallest units in language that carry meaning 4/2 |
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surface structure...
deep structure... |
...literal ordering of words
...underlying meaning |
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pragmatics...
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practical knowledge used to comprehend the intentions of a speaker and to produce an effective response
guidelines...informativve, truthful, relevant, and clear |
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difference in achievenment tests/aptitutde tests
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achievement test what you already know/ aptitude tests your ability to learn
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reliability...
validity... standardization... |
...consistency
...assessment of how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure ...keeping testing, scoring, and interpretation procedures similar across all administration of a test |
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3 types of validity...
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...content--degree to which content of a test samples broadly accorss domain of interest
predictive--predict outcome adequately construct--measures how well a test applies to a particular theoretical scheme |
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IQ is what...
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...mental age divided by chronological age and then multiplied by 100
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mental age...
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...chronological age that best fits a child's level of performance on a test of mental ability
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what is the minimum and maximum IQ for a normal person?
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mental retard is below 70
gifted scores above 130 |
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emotional intelligence...
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ability to perceive, understnad, and express emotion in ways that are useful and adaptive
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tacit knowledge...
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...unspoken practical knowledge about how to perform well on the job
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emotions include three events...
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...1)arousal 2) expressive reaction 3) subjective experience
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instincts...
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...unlearned characteristic patterns of responding that are controlled by specific triggering stimuli in the world
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a drive is...
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...psychological state that arises in response to an internal physiological need, such as hunger or thirst
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homeostasis...
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...the processs through which the body maintains a steady state, such as a constant internal temperature or an adequate amount of fluids
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incent motivation...
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...external factors in the enviornment that exert pulling effects on our actions
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achievement motive...
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internal drive or need for achievement that is possessed by all individuals to varying degrees
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intrinsic motivation...
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goal-directed behavior that seems to be entirely self-motivated
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Maslow's need hierarchy...
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physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs
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facial-feedback hypothesis...
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proposal that muscles in the face deliver signals to the brain that are then interpreted, depending on the pattern, as a subjective emtoinal state
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James-Lange theory...
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argues that body reactions precede and drive is subjective experience of emotions
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Cannon-Bard theory...
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argues that body reactions and subjective experiences occur together, but independently
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personality...
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distinguishing pattern of psychological characteristics--thinking, feeling, and behaving--that differentiates us from others and leads us to act consistenetly across situations
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trait...
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stable predispostion to act or behave in a certain way
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Allport's cardinal traits...
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describe personality traits that dominate an individual's life
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Who came up with the terms surface structure and deep structure?
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Noam Chomsky (1957)
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Highlight the language development in a child.
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3-5 weeks: cooing
4-6 weeks: babbling 6-18 months: accents and first word 24 months: telegraphic sppech preschool: comprehend/produce sentences overgeneralize rules |
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How did Kellogg's experiment contribute to research on animal language?
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He had the chimp Gua raised with his son. Chimmp never learned to speak.
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Who tried to teach the chimp Washoe sign language? Was it successful?
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Allen and Beatrice Gardner; able to produce various word combinations
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Premack taught what to chimp Sarah?
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taught her to manipulate plastic shapes that symbolized words
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What is significant about the pygmy chimps in Georgia?
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they show a limited understanding of spoken English
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What evidence is there that language is an adaptation?
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1)language associated iwth particular regions of the brain
2) children learn language quickly 3) human ear as well as human vocal tract seem to be perfectly tailored to meet needs of speech 4) some people seem to inherit tendencies to make certain types of grammatical errors |
