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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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consciousness
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immediate awareness of thoughts, sensations, memories, and the world around you
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circadian rhythms
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body rhythms that occur over a period of a 24 hour cycle
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suprachiasmatic nucleus
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a small cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus that is the internal pacemaker which regulates cicadian rhytms
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jet lag
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cross several time zones in a short period of time which discrupts circadian rhytms (shift work can do the same thing)
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Hans Berger
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German who invented the electronenecephalograph
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Electroencephalograph
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"EEG"
measures the rhythmic electrical activity of the brain |
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REM
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pattern of activity associated with sleeping
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Pattern of Brainwaves
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1 - Alert Awake - beta waves, high frequency, low voltage
2 - Quiet Awake or Drowsy - alpha waves, high frequency, low voltage 3 - Stage 1 Sleep - some theta waves 4-6 - Stage 2 Sleep through Stage 4 Sleep 7 - REM sleep - theta waves |
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Typical Nights' Sleep
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1 - quickly though stages 1-3
2 - stage 4 - decreases as night goes on 3 - first REM comes 90 min after falling asleep 4 - REM cycles more frequently & longer periods (most people have 5 a night) |
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Why do we sleep?
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1) maintain homeostasis
2) organize info in the brain from the previous day |
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How much sleep do we need?
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*varies during lifetime from 16hrs/day for infants to about 6 hours a day for elderly
*most people need 7-8 *very few sleep more than 10 or less than 5 |
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Sleep disorders
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1 - Insomnia
2 - Sleep Apnea 3 - Sleeptalking, sleepwalking, and night terrors |
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4 Types of Insomnia
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1 - Situational Insomnia: (b/c of situation going on in life)
2 - Benign Insomnia: no chemical problem 3 - Arrhythmic Insomnia: due to circadium rhythms 4 - Drug Related Insomnia |
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Sleep Apnea
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difficulty breathing
(what Mom has) |
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Night terrors
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suffocating
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Sigmund Freud's reason why we dream
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He says dreams are a symbolic emergence of repressed wishes which would provoke extreme anxiety if in the conscious mind
Manifest v. Latent content Manifest is what you believe the dream was Latent content is symbolic to sex |
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REM rebound
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when people in sleep labs are prevented from having REM sleep, the next time they are allowed to sleep all night they have lots of REM sleep
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Lucid dreams
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dreams in which you are aware that you are dreaming
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Hypnosis
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temporary state of heightened suggestibility in which people will oftem follow instructions given to them
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Posthypnotic amnesia
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a person will not recall what happened in hypnosis after a return to consciousness until a signal is given
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Posthypnotic suggestion
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people will carry out that specific suggestion after hypnotic session is over
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sensory stores
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info from environment around you
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3 Types of Sensory Stores
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1- Iconic - visual "Photographic Memory"
2- Echoic - auditory 3- Haptic - tactile (touch) |
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Short Term Memory
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*Temporary Working Memory
*Miller's Magic # - 7 +/- 2 |
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Long Term Memory
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*Permanent
*Involves encoding (getting info into the memory), storage, retrieval *Encoding Phenomena |
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3 Types of Encoding Phenomena
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1- Elaborative Rehearsal - elaborate on info trying to remember(attaching to something you already know)
2- Subjective Organization - relates to you 3- Visual Imagery - the more dramatic, the better it is encoded |
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Types of Long Term Memory
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1- Implicit Memory - nondeclarative memory without memory (typing story)
Procedural Memory - how to do something 2- Explicit Memory - memory with awareness Episodic Memory - autobiographical memory Semantic Memory - declarative memory, memory facts |
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Retrieval Cue Failure
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*Tip of the Tongue Phenomena
*Testing Retrieval 1. Free Recall - fill in the blank 2. Cued Recall - matching 3. Recognition - multiple choice *Serial Position Effect - memorizing things that have to be in particular order |
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Content Effect
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studying in same place that you learned it; studying at the same place everytime
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Mood Congruence
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happy - good memories
sad - bad memories |
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State Depent Effect
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altered states of consciousness- need to be in the same state; if you drank coffee when studying; then take coffee before the test
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Flashbulb Memories
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very detailed & clear memories of specific events
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Reconstructing memories
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Eye witness testimony- very inreliable b/c story may bring back an old memory that influences the story
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Forgetting
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inability to recall information
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Encoding Failure
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it never got into long-term memory
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Intereference Theory
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something else we learned is clogging
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2 Types of Intereference Theory
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1. Retroactive Intereference - new info interferes with old info
2. Proactive Intereference - old info interferes with new info |
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Motivated Forgetting
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1. Suppression - refusing to think about it
2. Repression - unconsciously forgetting |
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Decay Theory
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memory decays after certain amount of time
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Biological Basis for Memory
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Carl Lashley - search for engram (unit of memory)
Eric Kendel - Aplesia - both function & structure of neuron is altered when we learn something |
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Consolidation
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process of making sure LTM is stable
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Retrograde Amnesia
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unable to remember some of all of past
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Anterograde Amnesia
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"H.M"
loss of memory caused by the inability to store new memories 1. Implicit - memories without consciousness 2. Explicit - memories with conscious awareness |
