Psychology

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Two of the most important hormones for social bonding are vasopressin and oxytocin, which are important in the attachment caregiving system influencing: Feelings and expressions of love, caring and trust.

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vasopressin and Oxytocin

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Moods and long-term rhythms

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A controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during the winter and an improvement of mood in the spring.
Treatment involves phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light.
Evaluating frequency and treatment for SAD is difficult.

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Biological Rhythms

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Infradian rhythms
Occur less frequently than once a day. Examples: birds migrating, bears hibernating
Ultradian rhythms
Occur more frequently than once a day. Examples: stomach contractions, hormone fluctuations

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The Biology of Sleep
Stages of sleep
Mental benefits of sleep
Mental consequences of sleeplessness
Sleep disorders

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The exact function of sleep is uncertain but sleep appears to provide time for the body to carry out important functions.
• To eliminate waste products from muscles • To repair cells
• To strengthen the immune system
• To recover abilities lost during the day

Predicts that if we were awake, but cut off from external stimulation, our thoughts would have the same hallucinatory quality we experience in dreams.

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The Psychology of Dreams
Dreams as unconscious wishes (The psychoanalytic perspective)
Dreams as problem-solvers (The problem-focused perspective)

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Freud concluded that dreams might provide insight into our unconscious. Manifest content includes aspects of the dream we consciously experience.
Latent content includes unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream. To understand a dream we must distinguish manifest from latent content. Criticism: Not everything that we dream is symbolic.Dreaming is the same kind of activity we engage in when we are awake.
The difference is that the cerebral cortex is cut off from external stimulation.
Predicts that if we were awake, but cut off from external stimulation, our thoughts would have the same hallucinatory quality we experience in dreams.

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Dreams as problem-solvers (The problem-focused perspective)

Dreams as thinking (The cognitive perspective)

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Dreams may reflect ongoing conscious issues such as concerns over relationships, work, sex, or health.
Dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person’s current concerns than chance would predict.
Males and females appear to dream about similar issues now that lives and concerns of the two sexes have become more similar.

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Dreams and brain activity (Activation-synthesis

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ctivation‐synthesis theory
Dreaming results from the cortical synthesis and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity in the lower part of the brain.
At the same time, brain regions that handle logical thought and sensation from the external world are shut down.

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Hypnosis
Nature of hypnosis
Theories of hypnosis
Limitations and potential uses of hypnosis

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A procedure in which the practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject.Hypnotic responsiveness depends more on the person being hypnotized than on the skill of the hypnotist.
▪ Hypnotized people cannot be forced to do things against their will.
▪ Hypnosis doesn’t increase accuracy of memory.
▪ Hypnosis doesn’t produce a literal re‐experiencing of long‐past events.
▪ Many things performed under hypnosis can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis.


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Consciousness-altering Drugs
Classification of drugs
The physiology of drug effects
The psychology of drug effects

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Psychoactive drug
Substance capable of influencing perception, mood, cognition,
or behavior.
Examples: Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, opium, cocaine, tea, coffee
Types
Stimulants speed up activity in the CNS. e.g. cocaine, caffeine Depressants slow down activity in the CNS. e.g. alcohol Opiates relieve pain. e.g. morphine
Psychedelic drugs disrupt normal thought processes. E.g. LS

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Psychology

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Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment.

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empirical

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Relying on evidence gathered by careful observation, experimentation,

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critical thinking

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The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons rather than emotion and anecdote.

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structuralism

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E. B. Titchener (1867-1927)Early approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements.Interested in what happens.

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functionalism

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William James (1842-1910) Early approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness.Interested in how and why something happens.Functionalists broadened field of psychology to include the study of children, animals, religious experiences, and stream of consciousness.

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy.Emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

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biological perspective

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Psychological approach that focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts.This perspective involves:Hormones Brain chemistry Heredity

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Circadian rhythms

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Once about every 24 hours. Example: the sleep‐wake cycle

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learning perspective

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Psychological approach that is concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person’s (or nonhuman animal’s) actions. This perspective involves: Behaviorism Social-cognitive learning theories

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cognitive perspective

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Psychological approach that emphasizes on mental processes such as thinking, memory, language, problem solving, and perceptions. This perspective involves: Cognitive theories of learning and development Computer analogies of information processing

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sociocultural perspective

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Psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural forces outside the individual.

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This perspective involves:Social psychology (the study of rules

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roles, groups, and relationships)

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Cultural psychology (the study of cultural norms

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values, and expectations)

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psychodynamic perspective

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Psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy.This perspective involves:Unconscious thoughts, desires,conflicts

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humanist psychology

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Psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential. This approach:Rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysisEmphasized creativity and achieving potential

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academic psychologists

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Specialize in areas of pure or applied research Experimental Psychologists Educational Psychologists Developmental Psychologists Industrial/ Organizational Psychologists Psychometric Psychologists

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psychological practice

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applied psychology.

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Names: Wilhelm Wundt

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Constructed the first psychological laboratory (1879).Found psychology as an independent discipline with its own distinct methods, programs, and institutions.Recognized the uniqueness of psychology for it’s potential to examine conscious human experience Wundt conceived of psychology as the field that would examine conscious experience as an important phenomenon in its own right, beyond the physical stimuli that affect it.

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Psychology

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Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment.

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empirical

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Relying on evidence gathered by careful observation, experimentation,

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critical thinking

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The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons rather than emotion and anecdote.

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structuralism

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E. B. Titchener (1867-1927)Early approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements.Interested in what happens.

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functionalism

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William James (1842-1910) Early approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness.Interested in how and why something happens.Functionalists broadened field of psychology to include the study of children, animals, religious experiences, and stream of consciousness.

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy.Emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

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biological perspective

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Psychological approach that focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts.This perspective involves:Hormones Brain chemistry Heredity

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learning perspective

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Psychological approach that is concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person’s (or nonhuman animal’s) actions. This perspective involves: Behaviorism Social-cognitive learning theories

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cognitive perspective

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Psychological approach that emphasizes on mental processes such as thinking, memory, language, problem solving, and perceptions. This perspective involves: Cognitive theories of learning and development Computer analogies of information processing

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sociocultural perspective

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Psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural forces outside the individual.

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This perspective involves:Social psychology (the study of rules

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roles, groups, and relationships)

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Cultural psychology (the study of cultural norms

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values, and expectations)

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psychodynamic perspective

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Psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy.This perspective involves:Unconscious thoughts, desires,conflicts

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humanist psychology

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Psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential. This approach:Rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysis Emphasized creativity and achieving potential

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academic psychologists

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Specialize in areas of pure or applied research Experimental Psychologists Educational Psychologists Developmental Psychologists Industrial/ Organizational Psychologists Psychometric Psychologists

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psychological practice

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applied psychology.

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Names: Wilhelm Wundt

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Constructed the first psychological laboratory (1879).Found psychology as an independent discipline with its own distinct methods, programs, and institutions.Recognized the uniqueness of psychology for it’s potential to examine conscious human experience Wundt conceived of psychology as the field that would examine conscious experience as an important phenomenon in its own right, beyond the physical stimuli that affect it.

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Psychology

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Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment.

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empirical

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Relying on evidence gathered by careful observation, experimentation,

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critical thinking

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The ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons rather than emotion and anecdote.

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structuralism

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E. B. Titchener (1867-1927)Early approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements.Interested in what happens.

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functionalism

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William James (1842-1910) Early approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness.Interested in how and why something happens.Functionalists broadened field of psychology to include the study of children, animals, religious experiences, and stream of consciousness.

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) A theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy.Emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts.

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biological perspective

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Psychological approach that focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings, and thoughts.This perspective involves:Hormones Brain chemistry Heredity

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learning perspective

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Psychological approach that is concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person’s (or nonhuman animal’s) actions. This perspective involves: Behaviorism Social-cognitive learning theories

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cognitive perspective

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Psychological approach that emphasizes on mental processes such as thinking, memory, language, problem solving, and perceptions. This perspective involves: Cognitive theories of learning and development Computer analogies of information processing

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sociocultural perspective

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Psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural forces outside the individual.

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This perspective involves:Social psychology (the study of rules

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roles, groups, and relationships)

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Cultural psychology (the study of cultural norms

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values, and expectations)

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psychodynamic perspective

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Psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy.This perspective involves:Unconscious thoughts, desires,conflicts

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humanist psychology

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Psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential.This approach:Rejected behaviorism and psychoanalysisEmphasized creativity and achieving potential

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academic psychologists

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Specialize in areas of pure or applied research Experimental Psychologists Educational Psychologists Developmental Psychologists Industrial/ Organizational Psychologists Psychometric Psychologists psychological practice, applied psychology.

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Names: Wilhelm Wundt

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Constructed the first psychological laboratory (1879).Found psychology as an independent discipline with its own distinct methods, programs, and institutions.Recognized the uniqueness of psychology for it’s potential to examine conscious human experience Wundt conceived of psychology as the field that would examine conscious experience as an important phenomenon in its own right, beyond the physical stimuli that affect it.