Psychology 241 Unit One Test

Front 1

What is developmental psychology?

Back 1

The study of age related differences and changes in behavior.

Front 2

What is the major implication of changes in the population pyramid in the year 2030?

Back 2

A larger group of older people and a smaller group (%) of middle aged.

Front 3

Explain the nature versus nurture controversy.

Back 3

Nature refers to an organism's biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences. The nature proponents claim biological inheritance is the most important influence on development; the nurture proponents claim that environmental experiences are the most important.

Front 4

Distinguish between longitudinal and cross-sectional research.

Back 4

Longitudinal is following the same age groups through time whereas cross-sectional is investigating different age groups at one time.

Front 5

Distinguish between time-lag design and a sequential design.

Back 5

Time lag researches the same age groups at different times whereas sequential may use a variety of approaches such as combining time lag and longitudinal.

Front 6

What is a coefficient of correlation?

Back 6

A statistical index used to indicate the degree of correlation between variables. Varies between +1.00 and -1.00.

Front 7

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development?

Back 7

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)

Preoperational (2-7 years)

Concrete Operations (7-11 years)

Formal Operations (11+)

Front 8

Explain Vygotsky’s theory.

Back 8

Emphasizes developmental analysis, language and social relations.

Front 9

What are four ways age has been conceptualized?

Back 9

Chronological, biological, psychological, social

Front 10

Be able to recognize any of Freud’s stages by name only.

Back 10

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Front 11

Be able to recognize any of Erikson’s theories by name only.

Back 11

integrity vs despair, generativity vs stagnation, intimacy vs isolation, identity vs identity confusion, industry vs inferiority, initiative vs guilt, autonomy vs shame and doubt, trust vs mistrust.

Front 12

Be able to recognize one of the careers in Appendix, Chapter 1.

Back 12

Preschool/kindergarten teacher-preschool teachers mainly 4 year old children and kindergarten teachers teach 5 year old children. They usually have an undergraduate degree in education, specializing in early childhood education. State certification is usually required.

Front 13

1. What individual qualities do chromosomes control? (L)

Back 13

Unique physical characteristics, Shared growth patterns, possibly Temperament , Intelligence and related

Front 14

2. Explain how chromosomes determine the sex of a child.

Back 14

Female = X + X (XX)

Male = X + Y (XY)

Front 15

Describe the chromosomal alignment in the 4 sex-linked chromosomal abnormalities.

Back 15

Klinefelter (XXY)

Fragile X (weak X)

Turner (missing X)

XYY syndrome (XYY)

Front 16

List the five most common infertility treatments.

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Back 16

In vitro fertilization (IVF)

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

Intrauterine insemination (IUI)

Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT)

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Front 17

What is positive eugenics? Negative eugenics? (L)

Back 17

PE = selective breeding for positive characteristics

NE = selective breeding to weed out negative characteristics

Front 18

How many chromosomes does the nucleus of each human cell contain?

Back 18

23 pairs.

Front 19

What are the three periods of prenatal development?

Back 19

Germinal….0-2 weeks

Embryonic….2-8 weeks

Fetal….8 weeks – birth

Front 20

List one major event of each prenatal period.

Back 20

G = attachment of zygote (implantation)

E = organs appear (organogenesis)

F = cellular specialization

Front 21

What is FAS?

Back 21

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Mild to extreme effects

Front 22

List two of several environmental teratogens.

Back 22

radiation

chemical

toxic waste

PCB’s

computer monitors (?)

hot tubs

Front 23

List two of the five signs indicating a need for professional counseling about postpartum adaptation as mentioned in the text.

Back 23

worry, depression, appetite, crying, sleeplessness

Front 24

List two examples of teratogens (p. 98)

Back 24

drugs and infectious diseases.

Front 25

What is bonding?

Back 25

The formation of a close connection.

Front 26

Distinguish between cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns of growth

Back 26

c = head to toe

p = center to extremities

Front 27

What are some advantages of breast feeding?

Back 27

fewer allergies, reduced infections, denser bones

reduced cancer, less SIDS, neuro and cognitive development

visual acuity

Front 28

When is the best time to toilet train?

Back 28

readiness approach, when ready!

Front 29

List two of five newborn reflexes

Back 29

sucking, rooting, moro, grasping, Babinski

Front 30

Describe the visual ability of a newborn.

Back 30

20/400 & 20/800, can see colors

Front 31

Describe the auditory perception of a newborn.

Back 31

good, but not as good as adults

Front 32

Describe the olfactory perception of a newborn.

Back 32

can differentiate odors

Front 33

Describe taste preferences of a newborn.

Back 33

present even before birth

Front 34

Describe primary circular reactions.

Back 34

1-4 months, exploration self

Front 35

Describe secondary circular reactions

Back 35

4-8 months, exploration of environment, goals

Front 36

Describe tertiary circular reactions

Back 36

12 - 18 months, cause and effect

Front 37

**What is object permanence?

Back 37

understanding objects exist even when not present – memory

Front 38

What is habituation and why is it important?

Back 38

reduced attention to a stimulus, neurological development

Front 39

Differentiate between Piaget’s scheme and a T.A. scheme. (L)

Back 39

P = cognitive structure

TA = cognitive and affective structure

Front 40

differentiate all the age classifications

Back 40

chronological-the number of years that have elapsed since birth.


biological-a person's age in terms of biological health.

psychological-an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.

social-social roles and expectations related to a person's age.

Front 41

What is the average length and weight of North American newborns?

Back 41

20 inches long
7 1/2 pounds

Front 42

What sleeping position reduces the risk of SIDS?

Back 42

sleep on their backs

Front 43

What is intermodal perception?

Back 43

integrating information from two or more sensory modalities, such as vision and hearing.

Front 44

List two of the three types of cry.

Back 44

basic anger pain

Front 45

List Thomas & Chess’ three basic types of temperament.

Back 45

easy 40%

difficult 10%

slow-to-warm-up 15%

(other) 35%

Front 46

What is Erik Erikson’s first stage of development.

Back 46

trust-versus-mistrust

Front 47

What increases secure attachment according to Ainsworth?

Back 47

sensitivity to infants signals

Front 48

List 2 types of smiling

Back 48

reflexive and social

Front 49

When does stranger anxiety typically appear

Back 49

at 6 months

Front 50

How do caregivers of insecure avoidant babies interact with them?

Back 50

tend to be unavailable or rejecting

Front 51

What should be considered when choosing day care?

Back 51

patterns of use, quality of care, amount of child care.