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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the basic assumptions regarding behavior
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Behavior is lawful, it can be predicted and controlled.
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What is radical behaviorism
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Only directly observable events, such as stimuli and responses, should constitute the subject matter of psychology
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What is skinner's approach
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Skinner rejected all mental events as fictions
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How does skinner view personality
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Personality is an unnecessary construct
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What is functional analysis of behavior
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Measurable experiences (causes) and measurable behavior (effect)
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What are the types of behavior investigated by behaviorists
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Respondent: Behavior that is elected by a specific kind of stimulus, The stimulus precedes the behavior (ex: phobias)
Operant: Behavior that is emitted and that produces consequences (ex: complex behaviors like driving a car and playing musical instruments) |
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What are the principles of classical (type s) conditioning, and what are the principles of operant (type r) conditioning
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Type S: Direct link exists between its occurrence and the stimulus that preceded it
Type R: If a response is followed by a reward, the response will be strengthened |
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What are the difference between the types of reinforcers, examples
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Primary (Unconditioned): Related to survive like water, food, elimination, and sex
Secondary (Conditioned): Originally neutral but acquires reinforcing qualities through association with primary reinforces like academic grades, medals, awards |
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Generalized reinforcers
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Secondary reinforcers that are paired with more than one primary reinforcer
Ex: A mother, her presence is associated with several primary reinforcers |
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Differences between positive, negative reinforcements, and positive, negative, punishment. examples
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Pos Re: Pos reinforcer presented following a desired behavior (what organism wants)
Neg Re: Neg reinforcer removed following a desired behavior (removes what does not want) Pos Pun: Neg reinforcer presented following undesired behavior Neg Pun: Pos reinforcer removed following undesired behavior |
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Shortcomings of punishment
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Outcomes are unpredictable, May produce undesirable emotion responses, Indicates only what one should not do and doesn't tell what one should do, justifies pain on others
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What is involved in the shaping of behaviors. Examples
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Differential reinforcement: Some responses are reinforced and others are not Successive approximations: Responses that are reinforced are those that are increasingly close to the response desired |
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Generalization
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The tendency to extend a particular behavior pattern from the situation (cues) in which it was originally learned to other similar situations
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Discrimination
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The tendency to respond differently depending upon the situation (cues); that is, response that is made under one set of circumstances but not under others
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Extinction
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The withdrawal of reinforcement (Ex: when a reinforcer no longer follows a response)
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Spontaneous recovery
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The reappearance of the conditioned response after a pause, which suggests that extinction is actually inhibition rather than elimination of a response
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What are reinforcement schedules?
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Rules, The maintenance of behavior
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Continuous reinforcement schedules
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Every time the desired response occurs, it gets reinforced 100%
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Differences between
Fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio |
Fix Int: Reward given after constant time passed
Var Int: Reward given after variable time passed Fix Rat: Reward given after constant number of actions are performed Var Rat: Rewards given after a variable number of actions are performed |
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Partial reinforcement effect
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Fact that a partially or intermittently reinforced response will take longer to extinguish than a response on a continuous or 100% schedule of reinforcement
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What is superstitious behavior according to skinner
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An accidental connection between a reinforcer and a behavior (Ex. A reinforcer follows a response but is not dependent on that response)
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Why is superstitious behavior an example of non-contingent reinforcement
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Reinforcement occurs regardless of what the organism is doing
(Ex: rain dancing) |
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What is our biggest problem
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Man's behavior is more influenced by small, but immediate and definite reinforcers than it is by large but distant and uncertain reinforcers
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How did skinner suggest that we deal with this problem
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Contingency contracting
(Ex: Give a friend $100 for a week and lose $10 overtime that you have a cigarette) |
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What were skinner's methods and emphases
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Contingency contracting, Token economies, Walden two
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Skinner's version of Behavior Therapy
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Clearly specifying the undesirable behaviors that are to be extinguished, Clearly specifying the desirable behaviors to be reinforced. Arranging reinforcement contingencies so they are responsive to the desirable behavior but not to the undesirable behavior.
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Token Economies
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Desirable behavior is reinforced by tokens that can be exchanged for reinforcers
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What is skinner's argument for cultural engineering
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Culture like experiments, can be designed to produce certain effects
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Waldon II
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A fictitious community where instead of each child having an individual parent, they are raised to believe that every adult is their parent.
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Criticisms & Contributions
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Criticism: Excessive generalization from animals to human, Radical environmentalism, Who controls the controllers
Contributions: Applied Value, Scientifically Rigorous |
