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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cognitive social learning theory
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Views the interaction between the person and the environment as highly complex and individualistic
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Bandura's reciprocal determinism
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Behavioral, personal and environmental factors constitute a system that mutually influence one another over time
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5 cognitive social person variables
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1) Encoding strategies
2) Expectancies 3) Subjective values 4) Self-Regulatory systems and pans 5) Competencies |
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Encoding strategies
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How we see (categorize) experience
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Expectancies
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What we think will happen
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Subjective Values
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What is worth having or doing
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Self-Regulatory systems and plans
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How do we attain our goals
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Competences
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What we know and are capable of doing (Tools: Skills, concepts & problem solving strategies)
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What are self-regulatory systems
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Cognitive social learning person variable that determines the circumstances under which an individual experiences self-reinforcement and self-punishment. This variable also determines the setting of the future goals and the formulation of plans (strategies) used attaining those goals
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How is behavior self-regulated
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Cumulative direct & vicarious experience
Performance standards |
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Self-Efficacy
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What a person is actually capable of doing
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4 sources of information that influence one's level of self efficacy
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Performance: Prior success strengthens one's perceived self
Vicarious Experiences: If they can do it, so can I Verbal Persuasion: Encouragement from others Emotional Arousal: How fearful or calm we are in a given situation |
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8 self-exonerating mechanisms that excuse violations of moral standards
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1) Moral justification
2) Euphemistic labeling 3) Advantageous comparison 4) Displacement of responsibility 5) Diffusion of responsibility 6) Disregard or distortion of consequences 7) Dehumanization 8) Attribution of blame |
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How did Bandura study learning by observation
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The BoBo Doll Experiment
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Vicarious Punishment
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Punishment that comes from observing the negative consequences of another person's behavior
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Vicarious Reinforcement
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Reinforcement that comes from observing the positive consequences of another person's behavior
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How to distinguish learning from performance
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When children were given incentives (stickers and juice) to show what the model did, the children in all 3 groups did so
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What implications can you derive from his studies utilizing symbolic modeling and fictional television (including video games)
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Witnesses to violence in the dramatic presentations are more likely to approve of such behavior or to join in the assaults rather than seeking alternative solutions
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Processes influencing observational learning
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Attention: Observing the model
Retention: Remembering what model did Motor Reproduction: Doing what the model did Motivation: Wanting it |
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How psychological problems result from dysfunctional expectancies
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Expectancies are usually based on real experiences, but they can be overgeneralized and, when they are, prevent the person from having the types of experiences that would disconfirm them
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Major goal of psychotherapy
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Change the clients perceived self-efficacy
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Most effective method to address dysfunctional problems such as phobias
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Live modeling with participation
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Mischel's conclusion regarding the consistency of human behavior
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Although both laypeople and professionals tend to believe that behavior is quite consistent, research suggests that it is not
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Mischel's personality paradox
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r = .30
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Consistency paradox
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The persistent belief that human behavior is more consistent that is indicated by experimental evidence
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Mischel's research findings concerning delay of gratification
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The ability to delay gratification increases with:
Age, Intelligence, Shorter intervals of delay, modeling |
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What did Mischel mean when he said "self-control" is necessary to delay gratification
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Without self-control, humans are as impulsive as nonhuman animals, and the goal-oriented behavior necessary for civilized living is impossible
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Criticisms & Contributions
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Criticism: Mental events cannot cause behavior, important aspects of personality neglected, lack of unification
Contributions: Emphasis on human research, applied value, social change via modeling |
