Psychology 2301 Dovalina Chapters 7&8

Front 1

Memory

Back 1

the retention of info or experience over time

Front 2

encoding

Back 2

the first step in memory processing by which info gets INTO memory storage

Front 3

divided attention

Back 3

involves concentrating on more than one activity at the same time

Front 4

sustained attention

Back 4

ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus over a prolonged period of time

Front 5

levels of processing

Back 5

a continuum of memory processing from shallow to intermediate to deep, with deeper processing promising better memory

Front 6

elaboration

Back 6

formation of a number of different connections around a stimulus at any given level of memory encoding

Front 7

memory storage

Back 7

the retention of info over time and how this info is represented in memory

Front 8

Atkinson-Shiffrin theory

Back 8

Theory stating that memory storage involves 3 separate systems: sensory, short-term and long-term memories

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sensory memory

Back 9

holds info from the world in its original sensory form for an instant

Front 10

short-term memory

Back 10

limited capacity memory system in which info is usually retained fir only as long as 30 seconds unless the individual uses strategies to retain it longer

Front 11

chunking

Back 11

way to improve short term, involves grouping info that exceeds the 7 (+/-) 2 memory span into higher order units/ remembered as single units

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rehearsal

Back 12

conscious repetition of information

Front 13

working memory

Back 13

refers to a combination of components, including S.T. memory and attention that allow a person to hold info temporarily as they perform cognitive tasks. manipulates and assembles info to guide understanding/decision making/ problem solving

Front 14

long-term memory

Back 14

a relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of info for a long time

Front 15

explicit memory

Back 15

the conscious recollection of info such as specific facts or events, and info that can be verbally communicated

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episodic memory

Back 16

retention about the where, when, and what of life's happenings-that is how individuals remember life's episodes

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semantic memory

Back 17

a persons knowledge about the world, including their areas of expertise, general knowledge, such as things learned in school, and everyday knowledge

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implicit memory

Back 18

memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience

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procedural memory

Back 19

an implicit memory process that involves memory for skills

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priming

Back 20

activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new info better and faster

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schema

Back 21

preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people to organize and interpret info.

Front 22

retrieval

Back 22

memory process that happens when info that was retained in memory comes out of storage

Front 23

serial-position effect

Back 23

the tendency to recall items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle-primacy and recency effect

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recall

Back 24

memory task in which the individual has to retrieve previously learned info (ie: essay exams)

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recognition

Back 25

memory task in which a person only has to identify learned items (ie: multiple choice exams)

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autobiographical memory

Back 26

special for of episodic memory consisting of a persons recollections of his or her life experiences

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flashbulb memory

Back 27

memory of emotionally significant events that people often recall more accurately and vividly than everyday events

Front 28

motivated forgetting

Back 28

forgetting that occurs when something is so painful or anxiety-laden that remembering is intolerable

Front 29

repression

Back 29

a defense mechanism by which a person is so traumatized by an event that they forgets it and forgets the act of forgetting. according to psychodynamic theory this is to protect the person from threatening information

Front 30

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

Back 30

Who was the first psychologist to conduct scientific research on forgetting?

Front 31

Interference theory

Back 31

theory that people forget not because the memories are lost from storage but because other info gets in the way of what they want to remember

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proactive interference

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situation in which material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material that was learned later

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retroactive interference

Back 33

Situation in which material learned later disrupts the retrieval of info that was learned earlier

Front 34

decay theory

Back 34

theory stating that when a person learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but that over time this trace disintegrates (suggests that passage of time always increases forgetting)

Front 35

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Back 35

type of effortful retrieval associated with a persons feeling that they know something but cant quite pull it out of memory

Front 36

retrospective memory

Back 36

remembering from the past

Front 37

prospective memory

Back 37

remembering info about doing something in the future, memory for intentions. includes timing/content

Front 38

anterograde amnesia

Back 38

memory disorder that affects the retention of new info and events. (antero-moves forward)

Front 39

retrograde amnesia

Back 39

memory loss for a segment of the past but not new events

Front 40

cognition

Back 40

the way in which info is processed and manipulated in remembering

Front 41

Cognitive psychologists computer analogy

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"the brain can be compared to a computers hardware and cognition is analogous to the computers software"

Front 42

Problem solving

Back 42

mental process of finding an apprpriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not readily available

Front 43

Find and frame the problem

Back 43

First step in problem solving process

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Develop good problem solving strategies-

Back 44

2nd step in problem solving process (algorithms/heuristics)

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evaluate solutions

Back 45

3rd step in problem solving process

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Rethink and redefine problems and solutions over time

Back 46

4th step in problem solving process

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Fixation

Back 47

What is a big problem solving obstacle

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reasoning

Back 48

the mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions

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inductive reasoning

Back 49

reasoning from specific observation to make generalizations

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deductive reasoning

Back 50

reasoning from a general case gthat is know to be true to a specific case

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fixation

Back 51

using a previous strategy and failing to llok at it from a new perspective

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decision making

Back 52

mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them

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creativity

Back 53

ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems

Front 54

confirmation bias

Back 54

the tendency to search for and use information that supports one's own ideas rather than refute them

Front 55

base rate neglect/base rate fallacy

Back 55

the tendency to ignore info about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information

Front 56

availability heuristic

Back 56

a prediction about the probability of an event based on ease of recalling or imagining similar events

Front 57

intelligence

Back 57

all pupose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problems, and learn from experience

Front 58

Alfred Binet-1904

Back 58

Who developed the first intelligence test for the French school system? What year?

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Heritability

Back 59

proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by the difference in the genes of the groups members

Front 60

validity

Back 60

the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure

Front 61

reliability

Back 61

the extent to which a test yields a consistent reproducible measure or performance

Front 62

standardization

Back 62

development if uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test and the creation of norms (performance standards) for the test

Front 63

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Back 63

Theory that intelligence comes in 3 forms

1> analytical-

2. creative

3. practical

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analytical

Back 64

ability to analyze,judge, evaluate, compare and contrast

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Creative

Back 65

ability to create design invent originate and imagine

Front 66

practical

Back 66

ability to use, apply, implement and put ideas into practice

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1.verbal

2. mathematical

3. spatial

4. body-kinesthetic

5.musical

6. interpersonal

7. intrapersonal

8. naturalist

9. existentialist

Back 67

Name Gardeners 9 types of intelligence

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language

Back 68

form of communication whether spoken, written or signed, that is based on a system of symbols

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phonology

Back 69

languages sound system

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morphology

Back 70

languages rules for word formation

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syntax

Back 71

languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases and sentances

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semantics

Back 72

meaning of words and sentences in a particular language

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pragmatics

Back 73

useful character of language ans the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is verbalized

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Linguistic relativity hypothesis

Back 74

Benjamin Whorf argues that language determines the way we think, this view is called the________________________.

Front 75

Noam Chomsky

Back 75

________________ believes that children are biologically prewired to learn language at a certain tome and on a certain way