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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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limbic system
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a group of brain areas involved in emotional reactions and motivated behavior (amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus)
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amygdala
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brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the intial emotional response to sensory information (assesses dange or threat)
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hippocampus
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brain structure involved in the arousal and regulation of emotion and the initial emotional response to sensory information (shape like seahorse) gateway to memory.. sends the memories to different places
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cerebrum
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the largest brain structure, consisting of the upper part of the brain; divided into two hemispheres, it is in charge of most sensory, motor, and cognitive processes
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corpus callosum
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the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two cerebral hemispheres
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cerebral cortex
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collection of several thin layers of cells covering the cerebrum; it is largely responsible for higher mental functions
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occipital lobes
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at the lower back part of the brain.. visual cortex
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parietal lobes
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at the top of the brain contain the somatosensory cortex which receives info about pressure, pain, touch, and temp.
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temporal lobes
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at the sides of the brain they are involved with memory perception and emotion and have the auditory cortex
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frontal lobes
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contain motor cortex which ordersthe 600 muscles of the body that produced voluntary moement... helps with the ability to make plans, think creatively and take initiative
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electrodes
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used to produce and overall picutre of electrical activity in different areas of the brain
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electroencephalogram (EEG)
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a recording of neural activity detected by electrodes "it's like standing outside a baseball stadium"
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Central Nervous System
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portion of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
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Spinal Cord
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collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back, brotected by a column of bones
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peripheral nervous system
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all portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord; it includes sensory and motor nerves
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sensory nerves
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carry messages from special receptors in the skin, muscles, and other internal and external organs
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motor nerves
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carry orders from the cnetral nervous system to muscles, glands, and internal organs (enabling us to move)
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part of the peripheral: somatic nervous
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connects to sensory receptors and to skeletal muscles (sometimes called the skeletal nervous system)
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part of the peripheral: autonomic nervous system
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regulates the internal organs and glands (bloodvessels, glands), think nervousness like as in crush
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part of autonomic: sympathetic nervous system
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mobilizes body resources and increases output of energy during emotion and stress
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part autonomic: parasympathetic nervous system
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operates during relaxed states, conserves energy
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neuron
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a cell that conducts electrochecmical signals; the basic unit of the nervous system; also called a nerve cell
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glia
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cells that support, nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenace of synapses, and modify neuronal functioning
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dendrites
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neuron's branches that receive information from other neurons and transmit it toward the cell body
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cell body
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part of the neuron that keeps it alive and determines whether it will fire (transmit message to other neuron)
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axon
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neuron's extending fiber that conducts impulses away from the cell body and transmits them to other neurons
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myelin sheath
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fatty insulation that may surround the axon of a neuron
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nerve
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a bundle of nerve fibers (axons and sometimes dendrites) in the peripheral nervous system
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neurogenesis
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production of new neurons from immatur stem cells
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stem cells
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immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells; given encouraging envrionments, stem cells from early embryos can develop into any cell type
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synapse
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site where transmission of a nerve impulse from one nerve cell to another occurs; it includes the axon terminal, the synaptic cleft, and receptor sites in the membrane of the receiving cell
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action potential
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a brief change in electrical voltage that occurs between the inside and the outside of an axon when a neuron is stimulate; it serves to produce and electrical impulse
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neurotransmitter
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chemical substance that is released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that laters the activity of a receiving neuron
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serotonin
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affects neurons involved in sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature, pain suppression, and mood
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dopamine
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affects neurons involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, emotion
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acetylcholine
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affects neurons involved in muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, and emotion
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norepinephrine
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affects neurons involved in increased heart rate and the slowing of intestinal activity during stress, and neurons involved in learning, memory, dreaming, waking from sleep, and emotion
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GABA
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function as the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain
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glutamate
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excitatory neurotransmitter
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endorphins
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chemical substances in the nervous system that are similar in structure and action to opiates; they are involved in pain reducation, pleasure, and memory
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hormones
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chemical substances secreted by organs called glands affect the functioning of other organs
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endocrine glands
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internal organs that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream
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melatonin
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secreted by the pineal gland, helps to regulate daily biological rhythms and promotes sleep
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adrenal hormones
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hormones produced by the adrenal glands that are involved in emotion and stress
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sex hormones
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hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and that stimulate the development of male and femal sexual characteristis; they include androgens, estrogens, and progestrone
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lesion method
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involves damaging or removing section of brain in animals, then observing the effects
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transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
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a method of stimulating brain cells, using a powerful magnetic field produced by a wire coil placed on a person's head; it can be used by researchers to temporarily inactivate neural ciructs and is also being used therapeutically
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PET scan (positraon-emission tomography)
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method for analyzing biochemical activity in the brain, using injections of a glucoselike substance containing a radioactive element
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MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
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method for studying body and brain tissue, using magnetic fields and special radio receivers... functional can tell what is active or quiet
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localization of function
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specialization of particular brain areas for particular functions
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Brain stem
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part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord consisteng of the medulla and the pons
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pons
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involved in sleeping, waking and dreaming (In brain stem)
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medulla
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responsible for bodily functions that aren't conciously willed (breathing and heart rate) in the brain stem
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reticular activating system (RAS)
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dense network of neurons found in the core of the brain stem; it arouses the cortex and screens incoming information (couldn't be alert w/o this)
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cerebellum
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brain structure that regulates movement and balance and ths is involved in the learning of certain kinds of simple responses (back part of brain)
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cerebellum
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brain structure that regulates movement and balance and ths is involved in the learning of certain kinds of simple responses (back part of brain)
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pituitary gland
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hangs down from the hypothalamus small endocrine gland at the base of the brain, which releases many hormones and regulates other endocrine glands
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who created phrenology, and specialization of function?
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Joseph Gall
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thalamus
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brain structure that relays sensory messages to the cerebral cotex...CENTER OF BRAIN..."traffic officer"
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olfactory bulb
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controls sense of smell (front of brain) near emotional center, cues smell
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hypothalamus
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under thalamus, survival of human and species, reproduction, hunger, emotion regulates body temperature... AUTONOMIC, under it pituitary
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lateralization
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each hemisphere has its own tasks
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wernicke's area
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in temporal lobe language comprehension
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broca's area is where and what does it handle
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frontal lobe, speech production
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what part of the brain did the rod go thru phineas gage's head
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prefrontal cortex (29% of human cortex)
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RIGHT AND LEFT HEMISPHERE
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right=intuitive & holistic
left=rational and analytic |
