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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Accommodation
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Adapting our current schemas/understandings to incorporate new information
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Adolescence
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The transition period from childhood to adulthood extending from puberty to independence
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Assimilation
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Interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas
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Attachment
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An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeing closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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Concrete Operational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
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Conservation
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The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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Critical Period
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An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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Developmental Psychology
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A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
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Egocentrism
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In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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Embryo
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The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
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The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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Fetus
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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Formal Operational Stage
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Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus their interest wanes and they look away sooner
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Habituation
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Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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Identity
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The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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Imprinting
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In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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Intimacy
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Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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Maturation
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The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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Object Permanence
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The period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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Puberty
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A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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Schema
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In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Defense Mechanism
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Defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities
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Denial
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The largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
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Ego
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According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved
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Fixation
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In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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Free association
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Contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that according the Freud strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle demanding immediate gratification
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Id
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The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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Learned Helplessness
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The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes
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MMPI
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According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires towards his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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Oedipus Complex
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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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Personality
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The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
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Psychosexual Stages
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Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
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Rationalization
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The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Self
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One's feelings of high or low self-worth
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Self-Esteem
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The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
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Superego
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A characteristic patter of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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Trait
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A caring, accepting, non-judgmental attitude which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance
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Unconditioned Positive Regard
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According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, feelings, wishes, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
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Unconscious
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A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms; extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania (aka manic depressive disorder)
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Bipolar Disorder
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The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition with an updated text revision; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders
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DSM-IV-TR
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A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Aka multiple personality disorder
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
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An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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A mood disorder in which a person experiences, i the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities
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Major Depressive Disorder
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The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through treatment in a hospital
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Medical Model
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An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations
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Panic Disorder
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Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
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Personality Disorders
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An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation
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Phobia
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An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
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A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions
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Schizophrenia
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An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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Unselfish regard for the welfare of others
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Altruism
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Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
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Attitude
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The theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
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Attribution Theory
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The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
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Bystander Effect
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The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory
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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
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Conformity
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The loss of self-awarenss and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
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Deindividuation
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Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
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Discrimination
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The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
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Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
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The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives
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Groupthink
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The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them
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Mere Exposure Effect
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An unjustifiable (and usually negative attitude) towards a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action
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Prejudice
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An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them
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Reciprocity Norm
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The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable
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Social Loafing
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The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
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Social Psychology
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A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people
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Stereotype
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Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation
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Superordinate Goals
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