Psychology 2

Front 1

Cognition

Back 1

Mentally processing information

(images, concepts, etc.); thinking

Front 2

Internal representation

Back 2

Mental expression of a

problem or situation

Front 3

Images

Back 3

picture-like mental representations

Front 4

Concept

Back 4

Generalized idea representing a

category of related objects or events

Front 5

Language

Back 5

Words or symbols, and rules for

combining them, which are used for thinking and

communication

Front 6

Created image

Back 6

Image that has been assembled

or invented rather than remembered

Front 7

Visual-spatial genius

Back 7

Alonzo Clemons

Front 8

Kinesthetic image

Back 8

Created from muscular

sensations

Front 9

Concept formation

Back 9

Process of classifying

information into meaningful categories

Front 10

Positive instance

Back 10

Object or event that belongs to

the concept class

Front 11

Negative instance

Back 11

Object or event that does not

belong to the concept class

Front 12

Conjunctive

concept

Back 12

Class of objects that are

defined by the presence of two or more features

Front 13

Relational

concept

Back 13

Based on how an object

relates to something else or how

its features relate to one another

Front 14

Disjunctive

concept

Back 14

Objects that have at least

one of several possible features; either-or concept

Front 15

Prototypes

Back 15

Ideal model used as a prime

example of a concept

Front 16

Denotative

meaning

Back 16

Exact dictionary definition

of a word or concept; its objective meaning

Front 17

Connotative

meaning

Back 17

Emotional or personal meaning of a concept, often reducing to

Front 18

Semantic differential

Back 18

Measure of connotative

meaning obtained by rating words or concepts on several dimensions

Front 19

Semantics

Back 19

Study of meanings in language and

words

Front 20

Phonemes

Back 20

Basic speech sounds of a language

Front 21

Phonology

Back 21

is the study of phonemes

Front 22

Morphemes

Back 22

Speech sounds collected into

meaningful units, like syllables or words

Front 23

Morphology

Back 23

is the study of morphemes

Front 24

Grammar

Back 24

Set of rules for making sounds into

words and words into sentences

Front 25

Syntax

Back 25

Rules for word-order

in sentences

Front 26

Transformation rules

Back 26

Rules that allow us to

change a declarative sentence into other voices

(passive, active) or forms

Front 27

Agrammatism

Back 27

disorder of syntactic processing that follows damage to Broca’s area

Front 28

Pidgin

Back 28

agrammatic language thrown together by

a group of speakers of different languages

Front 29

Creole

Back 29

the language with full complexity that emerges in the next generation

Front 30

Mechanical solution

Back 30

Achieved by trial and error

or by a fixed procedure

Front 31

Algorithm

Back 31

Learned set of rules that always leads

to a correct solution of a problem

Front 32

General solution

Back 32

States the requirements for

success but not in enough detail for further action

Front 33

Heuristics

Back 33

Strategy for identifying and evaluating

problem solutions by reducing the number of

possible alternatives

Front 34

Insight

Back 34

Sudden mental reorganization of a problem that

makes the solution obvious

Front 35

Selective Encoding

Back 35

Selecting information that is relevant to a problem

while ignoring distractions

Front 36

Selective Combination

Back 36

Connecting seemingly unrelated bits of useful

information

Front 37

Selective Comparison

Back 37

Comparing new problems with old information or with problems already solved

Front 38

Analogies

Back 38

an analogy represents something other than itself. It is an abstraction

Front 39

Fixations

Back 39

Tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty

responses and to “fixate” on them, or to become

blind to alternatives

Front 40

Functional fixedness

Back 40

Inability to see new uses

(functions) for familiar objects or for things that

were used in a particular way

Front 41

Emotional barriers

Back 41

Inhibition and fear of making

a fool of oneself or of making a mistake

Front 42

Cultural barriers

Back 42

Belief that fantasy is a waste,

only for children; that feelings and humor have no place in problem solving

Front 43

Learned barriers

Back 43

staying with conventional uses

Front 44

Perceptual barriers

Back 44

Habits leading to a failure to

identify important elements of a problem

Front 45

Inductive thought:

Back 45

Going from specific facts or

observations to general principles

Front 46

Deductive thought

Back 46

Going from general principles

to specific situations

Front 47

Deduction

Back 47

means

determining the conclusion

Front 48

Induction

Back 48

means

determining the rule

Front 49

Abduction

Back 49

means

determining the precondition

Front 50

Illogical thought

Back 50

Thought that is intuitive, associative, or personal

Front 51

Convergent thinking

Back 51

Lines of thought converge

on a single correct answer during routine problem solving; conventional thinking

Front 52

Divergent [creative?] thinking

Back 52

Many possibilities

are developed from one starting point

Front 53

Fluency

Back 53

Total number of suggestions you can

make

Front 54

Flexibility

Back 54

Number of times you shift from one

class of possible uses to another

Front 55

Originality

Back 55

How novel or unusual your solutions

are

Front 56

Consequences Test

Back 56

List all the consequences that would follow if a

basic change were made in the world

Front 57

Anagrams Test

Back 57

Make as many new words as possible from the

letters in a given word

Front 58

intuition

Back 58

Quick, impulsive thought that does not

make use of clear reasoning or formal logic

Front 59

Representativeness heuristic:

Back 59

Giving a choice

greater weight if it seems to be representative of

what we already know

Front 60

Base Rate:

Back 60

Underlying probability of an event

Front 61

Framing

Back 61

The way a problem is stated or the way

it is structured

Front 62

Aptitudes

Back 62

A capacity for learning certain abilities.

Front 63

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Back 63

For people 2-85 years old

Front 64

Chronological age

Back 64

Person’s age in years

Front 65

Mental age

Back 65

Average intellectual performance

Front 66

Performance

intelligence

Back 66

Nonverbal intelligence;

measured by solving puzzles, assembling objects,

completing pictures

Front 67

Verbal

intelligence

Back 67

Language or symbol-oriented

intelligence; measured by answering questions

involving vocabulary, general information,

arithmetic

Front 68

Tourette’s Syndrome & Piano

Back 68

Nick van Bloss