Psychology

Front 1

young/hemholz (trichromatic theory)

Back 1

retina has 3 types of cones; each sensate to a color - red, green, and blue. the combinations account for most colors.

Front 2

hering (opponent process theory)

Back 2

color analysis takes place in the brain, four color pairs, a color and it's opposite. blue/green, yellow/red.

Front 3

bender

Back 3

developed test for visual perception (Bender Gestalt test, used to scan for developmental disorders or asses neurological function or brain damage)

Front 4

wetheimer

Back 4

first studied perception
-phi phenomenon
-illusion of movement

Front 5

gestalt

Back 5

a theory of mind and brain positing that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies.
-the gestalt effect is a form - generating capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves.

Front 6

bottom-up processing

Back 6

analysis of stimulus beings with the sense of receptors and works up to the level of the brain and mind.
- ex A -> /-\ -> A the letter "A" is really a black blotch broken down into features by the brain that we perceive as an "A"

Front 7

top-down processing

Back 7

the info processing guided by higher-level mental processes as we construct perceptions, drawing on our experience and expectations.
THE CHT .. the cat .. the "H" serves as an A and an H

Front 8

selective attention

Back 8

filtering out extraneous stimuli, children with ADHD have problems here.

Front 9

absolute threshold

Back 9

the minimal level of energy required for sensation to occur.

Front 10

difference threshold

Back 10

the difference a person can erect between any two stimuli at least 50% of the time.. sometimes referred to as the Just Noticeable Difference

Front 11

weber's law

Back 11

the difference threshold is not constant but the proportion of the stimulus.

to tell the difference:
- 2 lights must differ by 8%
- 2 weights must differ by 2%
- 2 tones must differ by .3%

Front 12

sensory adaptation

Back 12

when senses adapt to stimuli.
after prolonged exposure to sensory stimuli, we will adapt to it.

Front 13

perceptual adaptation

Back 13

(experiment of glasses that make you see the world upside-down)

Front 14

hearing disorders

Back 14

depend on the portion of the ear effected:
1. outer and middle ear .. conductive problems, blockages
2. inner ear .. problem with auditory nerve, neural problems, age, too much noise.
3. central deafness .. problem is in the brain.

Front 15

visual cliff experiment

Back 15

(plexi glass experiment) children as young as six months old can sense depth.

Front 16

place theory

Back 16

(high pitches) sound waves trigger activity at certain places on the basilar membrane.

Front 17

frequency theory

Back 17

(low pitches) basilar membrane vibrates at the same frequency as the stimulus.

Front 18

seven senses

Back 18

vision/hearing provides info about stimuli at a distance.
touche/taste provides info on stimuli near to the surface of our bodies (*smell can sense near and far)
kinesthetic/equilibrium, info about movement and position of body.

1. vision - major
2. hearing - major
3. taste - minor
4. touch - minor
5. smell - minor
6. kinesthetic - minor
7. equilibrium - minor

Front 19

sleep and dreams

Back 19

biological rhythms of sleep.
-our age-old biological rhythms affect our daily functioning and especially our sleep and dreams.
- our daily schedule of waking and sleeping is times by our body clock known as "circadian rhythm"

Front 20

circadian rhythm

Back 20

-average sleep = 7 hours.
-each nights sleep has a rhythm of its own, running from transitional stage 1 sleep to deep stage 4 sleep and back up to the more internally active REM sleep stage .. this cycle repeats several times during a normal nights sleep with periods of stage 4 sleep progressively shortening and of dream-laden REM sleep lengthening.

Front 21

freud's interpretation of dreams

Back 21

ego relaxes, allowing unconscious to come to the surface.
1 manifest content.
2 latent content.
3 wish fulfillment.

Front 22

manifest content

Back 22

daily events, that part of the dream that makes sense.

Front 23

latent content

Back 23

deeper hidden meaning which comes from the ID (confusing and disguised)

Front 24

wish fulfillment

Back 24

expression of ID desires and wants.

part 3 of freud's interpretation of dreams

Front 25

stages of sleep

Back 25

you dream during stage 4 of sleep.
circadian rhythm.

Front 26

disorders of sleep

Back 26

-insomnia
-narcolepsy
-sleep apnea
-sleepwalking
-enuresis

Front 27

insomnia

Back 27

recurring wakefulness.

sleep disorder

Front 28

narcolepsy

Back 28

sudden uncontrollable sleepiness or lapsing into sleep.

sleep disorder

Front 29

sleep apnea

Back 29

the stopping of breathing while asleep.

sleep disorder

Front 30

sleep walking

Back 30

stage 4.

sleep disorder

Front 31

enuresis

Back 31

wetting the bed, stage 4.

sleep disorder

Front 32

psychoactive drugs

Back 32

chemicals that alter perception and/or mood.

Front 33

tolerance

Back 33

continued use of a drug requiring larger and larger doses to get the same affect.

Front 34

withdrawal

Back 34

undesirable physical side effects when one stops taking the drug.

Front 35

toxicity

Back 35

the amount of a drug or substance that will kill you.

Front 36

types of psychoactive drugs

Back 36

-depressants.
-stimulants.
-hallucinogens.

Front 37

depressants

Back 37

calm neural activity, slows body functions, sleeping pills, opiates, tranquilizers, morphine, heroin.
adverse reactions: memory loss, addiction, loss control.
psychoactive drug

Front 38

stimulants

Back 38

excite neural activity. arouse bodily functions, amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, speed of the body.
adverse reactions: cardiovascular stress, addiction, loss of control.
psychoactive drug

Front 39

hallucinogens

Back 39

distorts perception, evokes sensory images, LSD, marijuana. slower acting blood stream, less likely to build tolerance.
adverse reactions: memory loss, decrease sex hormones, long term possible chrom damage.
psychoactive drug

Front 40

addiction

Back 40

the physical dependence.
controversy over the use of the term addiction.

Front 41

physical dependence

Back 41

when a drug produces withdrawal when a person stops taking it. must have withdrawal and tolerance to consider a drug physically addictive.

Front 42

psychological dependence

Back 42

no physical symptoms, but unpleasant psychological consequences, such as increased anxiety, uncomfortableness.