Psychology

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Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

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Clinical Psychologists

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Help people adapt to change or make changes in their lifestyle

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Counseling Psychologists

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Study psychological development through their lifespan

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Developmental Psychologists

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Focus on how effective teaching and learning take place

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Educational Psychologists

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Do research on how people function best with machines

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Engineering Psychologists

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Apply psychological principles to legal issues

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Forensic Psychologists

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Concentrate on biological, psychological and social factors involved in health and illness

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Health Psychologists

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Aim to improve productivity and the quality of work life by applying psychological principles and methods to the workplace

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Industrial/Organizational Psychologists

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Explore relationships between brain/nervous systems and behavior

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Neauropsychologists

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Asses and counsel students, consults with educators and parents, and perform behavioral intervention when necessary

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School Psychologists

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Student of William James, earned all her requirements for Harvard PhD but they refused to give it to her. First female president of APA

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Mary Whiton Calkins

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Wrote Origin of Species, argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies

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Charles Darwin

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Advocated constructing mental hospitals to offer more humane efforts of treatment

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Dorothea Dix

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Austrian physician, controversial personality theorist. Studied the approach of psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud

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Founded functionalism

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William James

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Russian psychologist who pioneered the study or learning, Pavlov's dog. Believer in the behaviorist approach

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Ivan Pavlov

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Last century's most influential observer of children

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Jean Piaget

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Humanistic psychologist, believed people are basically good, endowed with self-actualizing tendencies

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Carl Rogers

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Leading behaviorist who rejected introspection and studied how consequences shaped behavior

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B.F. Skinner

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First Harvard PhD to women, second female president of APA

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Margaret Floy Washburn

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Championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditional responses on "Little Albert"

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John B. Watson

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"Father of Psychology," set up lab to study conscious experience, focused on structure of the mind and ID of basic elements of consciousness

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Wilhelm Wudnt

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Scientific study of mental and behavioral processes

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Psychology

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The presumption that mind and body are two distinct entitles that interact

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Dualism

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The presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing

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Monism

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Do our human traits develop through experience or do we come equipped with them

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Nature-Nurture Controversy

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Early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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School of Structuralism

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School of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable the organism to adapt, survive and flourish

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School of Functionalism

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Focuses on learned behaviors, concerned with how behaviors are learned and reinforced. John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner

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Behavioral Approach

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Emphasizes the role of the unconscious, mind, early childhood experiences and interpersonal relationship to explain human behavior, originated with Sigmund Freud

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Psychodynamic Approach

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Emphasizes the role of motivation on thought and behavior. Free will and potential for growth guide behavior

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Humanistic Approach

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Emphasizes the physical and biological base of behavior. Grown significantly over the last few decades, especially with advances in our ability in medicine

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Biological Approach

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Focuses on mental processes such as thinking, memory, problem solving, language, and decision making. Jean Piaget, and Albert Bandura

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Cognitive Approach

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Focuses on the study of evolution and how it explains psychological processes

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Evolutionary Approach

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Our cognitive developmental processes are products of our society and culture

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Sociocultural Approach

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Middle number

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Median

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Arithmetic average

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Mean

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Most frequent number

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Mode

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Gap between highest and lowest score

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Range

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Statistical measurement of the variability of scores in a group, provides a typical distance of scores from the mean

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Standard Deviation

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Statistical measure of the degree of relatedness between two sets of data

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Correlation Coefficient

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Psychologists acting responsible and moral

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Ethical Guidelines

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Attempt to generalize from actual observations of a small group to the general population, used to interpret data and draw conclusions

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Inferential Statistics

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Describe the spread or dispersion of score for a set of research data or distribution

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Variability

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Used to summarize an entire distribution with a single score, mean, median, and mode

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Central Tendency

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Orderly arrangement of scores indicating the frequencies of each score or group or scores

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Frequently Distribution

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Numerical analysis that summarize and organize a set of research data obtained from a sample

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Descriptive Statistics

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Extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to be

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Validity

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Field that involves the analysis of numerical data about representative samples of populations

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Statistics

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Predictions of how two or more factors are likely to be related

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Hypothesis

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Organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena

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Theories

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Employs statistical methods to examine the relationship between two or more variables, two main types are survey and naturalistic observation

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Correlation Research

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Correlation research technique that attempts to capture one gigantic "frozen frame" of several groups, usually of different ages, captured at a single point in time

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Cross-Sectional Study

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Correlation research technique that studies the same group of people over a long period of time

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Longitudinal Study

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Observing a person or animal in the environment in which they live

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Naturalistic Observation

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Uses questionnaires to interview to ask a large number of people question about behaviors, thoughts, and attitudes

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Survey

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One person studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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Case Study

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Observation, defining a problem, proposing a hypothesis, gathering evidence/testing the hypothesis, publishing results, and building a theory

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Scientific Method

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Research finding are not arrived at by statistical or other quantitative procedures

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Qualitative Research

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To quantify is to scientifically verify...to test hypothesis under rigorous conditions, fuel that propels quantitative methods is empirical data, that is, hard stats which is measurable

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Quantitative Research

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Manipulated factor

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Independent Variable

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Behavior or mental process that is being measured

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Dependent Variable

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All the individuals in a group to which the study applies

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Population

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The group that receives treatment

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Experimental Group

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Group that does not receive treatment

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Control Group

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The members of population have an equal amount of chance to be selected

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Random Sampling

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Occurs when a researcher's expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained

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Experimenter Bias

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Difference between the experimental group and the control group other than those resulting from the independent variable

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Confounding Variables

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Research design in which the participants don't know which treatment group they are in

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Single-Blind Procedure

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Neither the experimenter of participant know which group they are in

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Double-Blind Procedure

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Imitation pill

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Placebo

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When subjects believe that the treatment will be effective, and they think they experience an improvement in health or well-being

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Placebo Effect