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86 Cards in this Set
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Associationism
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Associationism in philosophy refers to the idea that mental processes operate by the association of one state with its successor states.
The idea is first recorded in Plato and Aristotle, especially with regard to the succession of memories. Members of the principally British "Associationist School", including John Locke, David Hume, James Mill and John Stuart Mill, asserted that the principle applied to all or most mental processes. Later members of the school developed very specific principles elaborating how associations worked and even a physiological mechanism bearing no resemblance to modern neurophysiology.[citation needed] For a fuller explanation of the intellectual history of associationism and the "Associationist School", see Association of Ideas. |
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Francis Bacon
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early modern phiosopher of science who called for a close examination of the problem of knowledge and increased sensitivity to sources of error. A powerful advocate of a critical empirical inductive method.
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Alexander Bain
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founded the journal mind the first psychological journal
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Jeremy Bentham
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founder of utilitarianism. Argued against intuitive approaches to jurisprudence that resulted in punishments that do not fit the crime and argued for a rational system of punishments and rewards and the need to maximize pleasure for the greatest possible number of people.
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George Berkely
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Argued that real world is not the world of matter but the world of experience. Dictum Esse est percipi. marks him as one of the most radical of the early empiricists. Advanced an early empirical approach to depth perception attempting to demonstrate that we learn to see in depth.
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Etienne Condillac
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french radical empiricist who attempted to show specifically how all knowledge could derive from associations that start with simple sensations
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empiricism
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a philosophical position that emphasizes the importance of experience, observation, and learning in the acquisition of knowledge.
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essentialism
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belief in the possibility of discerning the fundamental character or intrinsic nature of something.
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Hardening
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an early concept that emphasized the beneficial role of self imposed hardships.
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David Hartley
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founder of modern associationism and one of the first to establish a classification system of pleasure and pains
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Associationism
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systematic emphasis on the idea that human knowledge is not innate but grows inevitably out of the gradual buildup of associations from sensory data.
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Claude Adrien Helvetius
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materialist who argued that human actions can be explained on the basis of rewards and punishments. Considered radical and forced to raecant.
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David Hume
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Empiricist who advanced the view that causality is not a property of objects and therefore there are no necessary connections. Causality is thus reduced to a psychological problem and is based on consistent conjunction and our ways of making sense of the successive events in the world.
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Idols
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a term employed by francis bacon referring to phantoms of the mind. Idols are sources of error such as excessive reliance on authority that blind us in our quest for truth
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idols of the cave
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local prejudices or strongly preferred hypothesies or theories that interfere with objective responses to data
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idols of the marketplace
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the temptation to take words too seriously so that naming is confused with explaining. To guard against the idols of the marketplace, one must constantly reexamine definitions and understand the deceptive dimensions of language.
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idols of the theatre
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errors of thought based on the easy acceptance of authority or the naive acceptance of a popular paradigm
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idols of the tribe
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errors of thought resulting from inherent human limitations such as sensory distortions and the tendency to overgeneralize.
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John Locke
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one of the greatest philosophers of english speech who insisted that the mind at birth is like a blank slate devoid of characters or ideas. His emphasis on the centrality of experience and learning elevated the importance of universal education.
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James Mill
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British philosopher who advanced an uncompromising mechanistic approach to associationism. Argued strongly for education of masses.
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John Stewart Mill
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Envisioned of science of human nature based on probabilistic notions. Also one of the first to deplore the subjugation of women.
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primary qualities
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qualities such as figure, extension, and solidity that are presumed to inhere in objects.
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psychological hedonism
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belief that human beings seek in all things to gain pleasure and avoid pain
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secondary qualities
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powers of objects that contribute to specific sensations such as colours, tastes, and sounds
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solipsism
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a subjective philosophical position that makes the claim that the only possible knowledge is self-knowledge.
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harriet taylor
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wife of john stuart mill influenced him on feminism
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Utilitarianism
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a philosophy advanced by jeremy bentham emphasizing the idea that the moral basis of action should be the greatest good for the greatest number.
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voltaire francois
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advanced cause of new philosophies based on observation and experiment. his sharp attacks on untestable theories and theological dogma continually placedh im at risk
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mary wollstonecraft
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the most visible early pioneer in the battle for the rights of women .
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Peter Abelard
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one of the best known university teachers in the twelfth century. his book yes and no illustrated contradictions in the position of past authorities. he argued for a stronger role for reason in christian epistemology.
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al-ghazali
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author of the incoherence of the philosophers. attacked the rationalist of the greeks and the concept of causality. worked against scientific progress in islam.
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alhazen
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one of the greatest islamic scientists whose book of optics is one of the most influential classic works on vision. he made many original contributions on such topics as depth perception, apparent size and binocular vision.
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Animal spirits
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a concept that has enjoyed wide usage, especially in premodern times. In galen's pneuma concept of the soul, the expression animal spirits was used to accont for a vital psychological function namely the operation of higher cognitive functions. animal spirits contrasted with natural spirits, which account for vegetative functions.
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thomas quinas
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one of the greatest doctors of the church, remembered for his efforts to reconcile faith and reason. He is also remembered for advancing an empirically based system of psychological thought.
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Asclepiades
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a popular greek physician who practiced in Rome around 124 BCE.he distinguished between delusions and hallucinations and argued that therapy for emotional problems should be prersent.
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Aurelius Augustine
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doctors of the church ho wrote extensively about a number of psychological topics including memory grief speech and dreams
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Averroes
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an islamic scholar very influential in Europe because of his commentaries on the works of Aristotle. Known also for many substantive scientific discoveries. he discovered that patients once infected with smallpox become immune if they survive the initial infection. He also discovered that the retina is the part of the eye sensitive to light.
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Avicenna
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an influential philosopher of the islamic world who attempted to reconcile the tensions between revelation and reason. Also remembered for his aristotelian approach to psychological problems.
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Roger bacon
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one of the first to write on the sources of error in human thought. his catalog of errors included such things as being slave to habit, relying too much on authority, giving in to popular prejudices, conceit about one's own knowledge.
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Boethius
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attempted to use reason that he learned from greek thought as a defense of christianity. some have regarded as a kind of founder of the intellectual agenda that was to dominate medieval thought.
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epictetus
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a roman stoic philosopher, popular in his day who emphasized the stoic virtues of order discipline and resignation in those matters beyond our control.
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epicureanism
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a philosophy based on the goodness of pleasure and the evil of pain. Epicureanism emphasized moderation and the capacity to forego immediate pleasures for long term gains.
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epicurus
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an important post aristotelian philosopher who founded a school of thought that focused largely on how to live a good life by maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain.
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Galen
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Rome's greatest physician, remembered for his early anatomical theories and his speculation on a host of medical problems including the problems of emotional illness.
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heloise
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a gifted scholar known primarily for her tragic love affair with peter abelard. Her letters illustrated a deep philosophy and psychology of the nature of loving relationships.
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Hypatia
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neo-platonic philosopher noted for her expertise in astronomy and geometry. possibly one of the first to recommend music therapy for emotional disorders.
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lucretius
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roman epicurean philosopher who wrote on a variety of psychological topics, often from the vantage point of the atomic theory of Democritus.
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Maimonides
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Influential jewish philosopher who attempted to reconcile the conflicting claims of reason and revelation. his book guide for the perplexed was widely read
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Marcus Aurelius
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roman emperor and stoic philosopher who emphasized the importance of enduring hardships that undoubtedly serve a larger purpose. The expression stoic resignation characterizes an important dimension of his thought.
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Medieval period
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the historical period from approximately 400 to 1300. though it was a period marked by reliance on tradition, revelation and authority scholars attempted to find an acceptable role for reason and for observational studies.
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natural spirit
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in galen's pneuma concept of the soul, natural spirit refers to those vital principles responsible for vegetative functions of the body.
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neo-platonism
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a school of philosophy founded in the third century that combined selected features of platonic philosophy with jewish and christian mysticism.
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ockham's razor
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the contention of william of ockham that explanations containing fewer assumptions are to be preferred to those containing more assumptions
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Plotinus
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founder of neo-platonic philosophy and author of a six volume series entitled Enneads. The workd of plotinus are a rich source of psyhchological thought on such topics as perception, sensation and thinking.
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pneuma
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refers to the air we draw in as we breathe, but also refers to those vital principles that make life possible.
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pyrrho
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founder of a systematic philosophy of skepticism. also emphasized the importance of finding means to live a calm and untroubled existence.
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rhazes
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physician and author of medical texts. argued against demonology, superstitous religious beliefs, and the arbitrary use of authority in science. he advocated a rational and empirical approach to the problems of medicine and psychology.
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sextus empiricus
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roman physician and skeptic who criticized dogmatic certainity and argued for the virtues associated with an attitude of suspended judgement.
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skepticism
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one of the major systematic approaches to philosophy following the death of aristotle. the concerns of the skeptic were largely focused on the problems of epistemology and the good life.
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soticism
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a major post aristotelian philosophy emphasizing discipline and suppresion of desire as means to the greatest happiness and virtues.
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Tertullian
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an early christian scholar remembered for his attacks on child sacrifice and persecution of christians and the brutality of the roman games. also remembered for his attacks on greek philosophy and his emphasis on faith as opposed to reason.
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william of ockham
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an early philosopher friendly to empirical methods and strongly influenced by thomas aquinas .
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zeno of cyprus
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founder of stoicism which emphasized self control, austerity and suppression as guides to virtue and happiness.
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Nicolaus copernicus
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polish astronomer physician and minister remembered as the founder of a scientific revolution marked b the belief that the sun rather than earth is the center of the solar system.
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cosmology
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the study of theories of the nature of the universe including the relation of earth to the rest of the solar system
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Galileo
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italian astronomer and physicist rembered for improving the telescope and using it systematically in the observation of the solar system.
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geocentric
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literally earth centered generally refers to the ancient view of Ptolemy that the earth is the center of the solar system.
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heliocentric
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nicolas copernicus sun center of the solar system
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huarte juan
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one of the first to write on subjects of individual differences aptitude and temperament
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index of forbidden books
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generally refers to books forbidden by the catholic church because they were regarded as dangerous to faith and morality. though censorship was practised from the early days of the church, the index started in the 16th c to 1966.
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indulgences
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refers to various means of raising money practiced by the catholic church prior to the reformation. generally involved payment of money in exchange for a spiritual favor.
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Johannes Kepler
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german astronomer and mathematician who discovered the ellipticial or oval shaped motions of the planets.
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martin luther
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the founder of the reformation and the leader of the protestant movement. Arguably luther contributed to the growth of the empirical spirit by advancing the doctrine of the individual priesthood of the believer, in which people have the right to read and interpret scriptures for themselves.
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machiavellianism
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refers to the application of the principles set forth by niccolo machiavelli, sometimes implies amoral, manipulative attitudes but strictly speaking such an aimplication is a corruption of the teachings of Machiavelli.
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machiavelli niccolo
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founder of modern political science and modern military science. one of the first to emphasize the importance of socialization and the techniques for molding public opinion. he advocated the utility of a descriptive social science.
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michel de montaigne
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late renaissance scholar who launched a powerful and influential attack on human knowledge. his skepticism was to have a strong influence of francis bacon and rene descartes. montaigne also speculated on a number of psychological topics such as how to rear children, education motivation and emotion.
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paracelsus
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radical renaissance epistemologist who argued that observational studies should replace old scholastic techniques and blind allegiance to authority.
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Francesco petrarch
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italian poet scholar moralist who was a founder of renaissance and humanism
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ptolemy
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egyptian astronomer geographer and mathematician known for an early geogcentric cosmology that was widely accepted for over 1,400 year.s
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Reformation
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a sixteenth century religious movement founded by martin luther and motivated by an attempt to reform the catholic church. luther's failure to bring about the changs he desired ultimately led to a major split in the church and the beginnings of protestantism.
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renaissance
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the period in history 1300-1600. rediscovery of greek classics, new interest in mathematics, expanding geographic knowledge, and a wider epistemology.
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renaissance humanism
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refers to a new interest in human affairs. it was manifested in art as the subject shifted from theological figures to human figures and in music as the subject shifted from the sacred to the secular. in science there was a new interest in physiological and anatomical studies and a general new focus on topics of human concern.
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Oliva Sabuco
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late renaissance writer who emphasizeed the wisdom of moderation sabuco was among the first to understand the role of emotions in physical and psychological health.
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julius caesar scaliger
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a renaissance scholar remembered for his work on the kinesthetic and muscle senses. one of the first to emphasize the role of the musculature in cognitive and affective proceses.
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andreas vesalius
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physician and anatomist known for his empirical approach to anatomy based on actual dissections. he revolutionized the study of the human body much as renaissance explorers such as columbus and magellan revolutionized knowledge of geography .
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juan luis vives
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spanish humanist who advocated an empirical approach to psychology. de anima et de vita.
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