Psychology

Front 1

Compliance – you adjust your behavior because of an explicit request by someone with no power.

Back 1

Conformity – you change your behavior to match others

Front 2

Obedience – you change your behavior under direct orders by someone with perceived power.

Back 2

Sherif’s findings: we use others as a source of information. More ambiguous = more sheeple - ISI

Front 3

Asch’s findings: we don’t want to look dumb. We conform to gain acceptance - NSI

Back 3

Private conformity – conforming out of a genuine belief.

Front 4

Public conformity – conforming without actually believing.

Back 4

Normative – conforming to the group to gain acceptance. It results in public compliance but not necessarily private acceptance.

Front 5

Normative: We conform when:
o Group size: 3+
o When group is important to you
o When there are no allies in the group
o When the group’s culture is collectivist

Back 5

Informational – conforming to the group because you are confused and you think other people are more correct than you are

Front 6

Informational: We conform when:
o When situation is ambiguous
o When others are experts
o When the situation is a crisis

Back 6

Social Impact Theory – strength, immediacy, and number.

Front 7

How do we prevent conforming?
o Become aware that you are doing it and find an ally with similar beliefs.

Back 7

Social Norms – implicit rules for acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs

Front 8

Contagion – the rapid spread of emotions or behaviors through a crowd.

Back 8

Mass Psychogenic illness – a group has similar physical symptoms with no known physical cause

Front 9

Factors that influence conformity:
o Group size – 3-5 gives more than 1-2
o Cohesiveness – similarity effect
o Status – more conformity for lower status
o Unanimity of the group – no dissenters
o Prior commitment – if already formed, you’re likely to stick with it.

Back 9

In every day life
o Minority influence – where minority of group influences the majority
o Idiosyncrasy credits – tolerance a person earns over time by conforming to group norms. If enough credits are earned, one can deviate from the group occasionally without fault.
o Injunctive norms – people’s perceptions of what behaviors are approved/disapproved by others. MOST POWERFUL
o Descriptive norms – People’s perceptions of how people actually behave in given situations, regardless of whether the behavior is approved or disapproved.
o An injunctive norm is what most people in a culture approve or disapprove, but a descriptive norm is what they actually do.

Front 10

Milgram’s results – over half went to XXX.

Back 10

Factors influencing obedience:
o Proximity of the victim – the closer they are, the less cooperative.
o Type of authority – If seen as credible, more likely to cooperate.
o Proximity of authority – if authority was near, more likely to cooperate.

Front 11

• Group – 2+ people that interact and are interdependent bc their goals cause them to influence eachother.

Back 11

• Functions of a group – they define us and establish social norms.

Front 12

• Social roles – shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave within the group

Back 12

• Social facilitation (original) – tendency for people to do simple tasks better/harder tasks worse when others are there

Front 13

• Social facilitation (current) – strengthening of dominant responses owing to the presence of others

Back 13

• Triplett – Fishing reels – groups produced faster winding

Front 14

• Social inhibition – arousal promotes incorrect response

Back 14

• Effects of groups on arousal – arousal increases in the presence of others and it enhances whatever response tendency is dominant.

Front 15

• Evidence for cross species social facilitation – Ants and cockroaches – faster for simple tasks.

Back 15

• Evaluation apprehension – the presence of others evaluating us causes arousal, it can even affect things we know how to do well.

Front 16

• Social loafing – tendency for people to do worse on simple tasks but better on hard ones when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can’t be evaluated.

Back 16

Social Loafing;
o Latane: the more people, the less motivated we are to actually contribute. When alone, they shouted very loudly, but it decreased according to the # of people they thought were with them.

Front 17

o Deindividuation – loss of self-awareness and loss of evaluation apprehension. It occurs when you are anonymous and attention is drawn away from you, increased deviant acts.

Back 17

• Contributing factors –
o Group size – Zimbardo cars in NYC and Palo Alto
o Physical anonymity – Zimbardo – Women whose faces were hidden 2x as long - wear a large name tag, or white hoods and capes
Diener – Halloween candy – 2x more candy
o Diminshed self-awareness – we disconnect

Front 18

• Group polarization: why does it happen—informational and normative influence

Back 18

• Group polarization – tendency for more extreme decisions than initial inclination. The group enhances member’s pre-existing tendencies.

Front 19

Group polarization depends on:
o Informational influence – during group discussion, ideas are pooled together.
o Normative influence – we need to feel accepted, when others agree we take stronger views

Back 19

• Group think – occurs when the need for consensus outweighs realistic appraisals of a situation.

Front 20

Groupthink: o 7 components
CANT SEE ILLITERATE MINIONS ILL REALLY? SILLY!
 1. Conformity pressure – dissenters could be attacked for having different beliefs
 2. Self-censorship – people often withhold opposing viewpoints so as not to be ridiculed
 3. Illusion of unanimity – other opinions withheld  everyone thinks group= unanimous
 4. Mindguards – group members ignore info that doesn’t support their opinions
 5. Illusions of invulnerability – unrealistic optimism, nothing bad can happen
 6. Rationalization – groups talk themselves into how they are right, not how they could be wrong
 7. Stereotyped views of opponent – members of the group see opponents in stereotypical or inferior ways

Back 20

• Factors making it more likely:
o Cohesive group
o Isolation
o Time pressure
o Leader is not impartial

Front 21

• Preventing groupthink:
o Be impartial
o Devil’s advocate
o Divide group  reunite – subdivide then examine views
o Welcome critiques
o “Second chance” meeting for changing opinions

Back 21

• Need to belong – motivation to bond with others in relationships that provides ongoing (+) relations.

Front 22

• Ostracism – exclusion or ignored – it thwarts the needs to belong
o Effects – devastating, physiological effects in 4 minutes, increased blood pressure, area of brain indicating physical pain is activated

Back 22

• Proximity – geographic nearness (propinquity effect) – the closer you are/more you see = (+)

Front 23

• Anticipatory liking – People like others they expect to meet more than people they do not expect to meet

Back 23

• Mere-exposure effect – the more exposure we have to a stimulus - the more we tend to like it.

Front 24

• Implicit egotism – tendency to prefer people, places, or things that remind you of yourself

Back 24

• Similarity – we are attracted to similarity, it makes us happy.

Front 25

• Complementary – tendency for one to complete what is missing in the other - not supported by research

Back 25

• Physical attractiveness findings – we respond to the attractiveness of others

Front 26

• What is attractive – depends on the sex, but is generally average.

Back 26

• evolutionary explanation of attractiveness – we prefer features that suggest fertility & try to present these qualities:
o Women – youth/health/hips 30% larger than waist
o Men – muscular build/health

Front 27

• Contrast effect – how attractive we find someone depends on what we compare him or her to

Back 27

• Reward theory of attraction – we like those whose behavior is rewarding to us or whom we associate with rewarding events (when the benefits outweigh the costs).

Front 28

• Social exchange theory – people’s feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship.
o 1. The kind of relationship they deserve
o 2. The chances of having a better relationship

Back 28

• Inequity theory - people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal and therefore unhappy in unequal relationships

Front 29

• Triangular theory of love (Sternberg) – intimacy, passion, commitment
o Types associated with the combinations of components:
-Liking – intimacy alone
-Passionate – intimacy + passion
-Commitment – commitment alone
-Consummate love – all three

Back 29

• Strange situation (Ainsworth) and attachment styles:
o Secure – trust and intimacy – distressed when alone, warm response when mom returns.
 As adults – easily gets close to others, satisfying relationships, enjoys sexuality
o Avoidant – dismissive – doesn’t react – ignores mother
 As adults – avoids closeness, sexually promiscuous
o Insecure (anxious-ambivalent) – anxiety – possessive – distressed, resistant to comfort, angry when mom returns, calms down slowly.
 As adults – less trusting, possessive, obsessive, extreme sexual attraction, jealousy

Front 30

• Factors that aid in maintaining a relationship:
o Equity – people are happiest when rewards, costs, and contributions of both parties are =
o Self disclosure – builds intimacy.
o Disclosure reciprocity - The tendency for one person’s intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner

Back 30

• Attraction in the long-term:
o important factors – attachment, self-disclosure, equity

Front 31

o Who tends to “stay together” (e.g., married after age 20, well educated, etc…)
 * Married after age 20
 * Both grew up in stable two-parent homes
 * Dated for a long time before marriage
 * Are well and similarly educated

Back 31

o Who tends to “stay together” (e.g., married after age 20, well educated, etc…)

 * Enjoy a stable income from a good job
 * Live in a small town or on a farm
 * Do not cohabit of become pregnant before marriage
 * Are religiously committed
 * Are of similar age, faith and education

Front 32

• Physical attractiveness stereotype – the prettier you are, the more desirable traits you have

Back 32

• Matching phenomenon – tendency to choose partners as a good match in attraction and traits

Front 33

• Ostracism – exclusion or ignored – it thwarts the needs to belong
o Effects – devastating, physiological effects in 4 minutes, increased blood pressure, area of brain indicating physical pain is activated

Back 33

• Proximity – geographic nearness (propinquity effect) – we tend to form relationships with people who are physically close to us.