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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Louis Hay |
Changes thought and attitude improve |
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2basic questions of psychology |
What do people do? Why do people do it? |
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Empircism |
Accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation |
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Dogmatism |
People cling to their assumptions |
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Scientific Method |
Relationship between ideas and evidence |
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Theory |
Hypothetical explanation of natural phenomenon |
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Hypothesis |
Fallible prediction made by a theory |
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Empirical Method |
Set of rules and techniques for observation |
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What 3 things makes it difficult to study people? |
Complexity, variability , reactivity |
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Variability |
No 2 people think, say, do, feel, the same under the same circumstances |
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Reactivity |
People don't act the same when being watched |
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Operational definition |
Description of property in measurable terms
Must have Validity Reliability Power |
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Measure |
Detect the condition on operational definition refers |
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Electromyograph (EMG) |
Measures muscle contractions under surface of skin |
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Validity |
Measurement & property are related |
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Reliability |
Tendency for a measure to produce same measurement multiple times |
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Power |
Ability of a measure to detect differences |
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Demand characteristics |
Observational setting that cause people to behave as they think they should |
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Naturalistic Observation |
Gathering information by observing people in their natural environment |
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Double blind |
True purpose is hidden from observer & person being observed |
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Scientific method |
Theory Hypothesis Empirical method Readjust theory |
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Observe |
Using senses to learn about properties of an event or an object |
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Goal of scientific research? |
Casual relationships between properties |
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Variables |
Properties whose values vary across individuals over time |
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Correlated |
Variations in the value of one variable with variations in the value of the other |
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Immanuel Kant (1781-1965) |
People are born with cause dectors built in their brain |
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Natural Correlation |
Correlations in the world |
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Third variable correlation |
2 variables are correlated b/c each is correlated to the 3rd |
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Third variable problem |
Relationship of variables cannot be inferred b/c of possibility of 3rd |
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Experiment |
Technique to establish relationship between variable |
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Manipulation |
Creation of artificial pattern of variation in variable |
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Independent variable |
Variable that is manipulated |
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Experimental Group |
Group of people treated in a particular way |
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Control group |
Group that is not treated in a particular way |
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Dependent variable |
Variable that is measure in the study |
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Self selection |
Problem of anything about the person determines if he will be apart of controlled group |
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Random assignment |
Random event to assign people to the experimental group |
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Internal validity |
Establishes casual relationship between variables |
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External validity |
Variables have been defined in a normal way |
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Population |
Complete collection of people |
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Sample |
Partial collection of people drawn from a population |
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Case method |
Scientific knowledge by studying individual |
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Random Sampling |
Ensure every member of population has equal chance of being included in sample |
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Informed consent |
Written agreement to participate in study after learning of all risk of participation |
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Freedom of coercion |
Psychologist may not coerce participation |
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Protection from harm |
Every precaution is taken to protect participants from physical and psychological harm |
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Risk Benefit Analysis |
Risks are outweighed by social benefits of knowledge gained through the study |
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Deception |
Justified if alternative procedures are not feasible |
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Confidentiality |
Obligation to keep private info confidential |
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Respecting animals |
Must perform surgical procedures under anesthesia
Only use procedure of pain when alternative is unavailable
Minimize discomfort of animals
Psychologist trained in research methods mud be present |
