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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is psychology?
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
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the founder of modern psychology
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Who was E.B. Titchener?
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the founder of structuralism
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What is structuralism?
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the theory that anazlyzed the basic elements of thoughts and sensations to determine the structure of conscious experience
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What is Gestalt psychology?
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psychological perspective that emphasized out tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
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Who was William James?
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the first american psychologist and author of the first psychology textbook
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What is functionalism?
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the theory that emphasized the functions of consciousness and the ways consciousness helps people adapt to thier environment
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Who was Sigmund Freud?
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the founder of psychoanalysis
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What is psychoanalytic perspective?
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the school of thought that focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts; contemportary version is called psychodynamic perspective
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Who was Ivan Pavlov?
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a russion physiologist who showed that animals learn some things through association
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Who was John B. Watson?
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the founder of behaviorism
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What is behaviorist perspective?
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the school of thought that focuses on how we learn observable responses
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Who was B.F. Skinner?
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an american psychology whose brand of behaviorism focused on the role of responses in learning
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What is humanistic psychology?
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the school of thought that focuses on the study of conscious experience, the individual's freedom to chose, and capacity for personal growth
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Who was Abraham Maslow?
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the leader in the humanistic psychology movement
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Who was Carl Rogers?
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the leader in the humanistic movement
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Who was Jean Piaget?
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a developmental and cogonitive psychologist known for his studies of children's thought processes
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Who was G. Stanley Hall?
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the first american man to earn a Ph.D. in psychology; opened first psychology lab in the United States; foundedk, and was the first president of, the American Psychological Association (APA)
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Who was Mary Whiton Calkins?
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the first woman to complete the requirements for a Ph.D. in psychology; first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association
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Who was Margaret Floy Washburn?
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fisrt woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
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Who was Francis Cecil Sumner?
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first african-american man to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
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Who was Inez Beverly Prosser?
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first african-american woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
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What is a psychological perspective?
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a particular view of behavior and/or mental processes that has grown into movement
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What are the 6 Psychological Perspectives?
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cognitive perspective, biological perspective, social-cultural perspective, behavioral perspective, humanistic perspective, and psychodynamic perspective
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what is the cognitive perspective?
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the school of thought that focuses on how we take in, process, store and retrieve information
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What is the biological perspective?
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the school of thought that focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought or emotion
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What is the social-cultural perspective?
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the school of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different contexts or situations
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What is the behavioral perspective?
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how we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation
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What is the humanistic perspective?
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how healthy people strive to reach their full potential
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What is the psychodynamic perspective?
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how we are affected by unconscious drives and conflicts
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What are behavior genetics?
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the school of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
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What is positive psychology?
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the movement that focuses on the study of optimal human fuctioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive
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What is basic research?
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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What is applied research?
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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What are behavior genetics?
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the school of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
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What are behavior genetics?
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the school of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
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What do biological psychologists do?
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explore the physiological roots and results of our behaviors
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What is positive psychology?
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the movement that focuses on the study of optimal human fuctioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive
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What is the biological perspective?
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the school of thought that focuses on the physical structures and substances underlying a particular behavior, thought or emotion
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What is basic research?
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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What is positive psychology?
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the movement that focuses on the study of optimal human fuctioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive
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What are behavior genetics?
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the school of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
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What are behavior genetics?
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the school of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
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What is basic research?
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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What is applied research?
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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What is the social-cultural perspective?
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the school of thought that focuses on how thinking or behavior changes in different contexts or situations
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What is positive psychology?
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the movement that focuses on the study of optimal human fuctioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive
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What is positive psychology?
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the movement that focuses on the study of optimal human fuctioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive
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What do biological psychologists do?
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explore the physiological roots and results of our behaviors
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What is the behavioral perspective?
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how we learn through rewards, punishments, and observation
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What is basic research?
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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What is basic research?
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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What is applied research?
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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What is applied research?
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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What is applied research?
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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What do biological psychologists do?
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explore the physiological roots and results of our behaviors
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What is the humanistic perspective?
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how healthy people strive to reach their full potential
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What do biological psychologists do?
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explore the physiological roots and results of our behaviors
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What is the psychodynamic perspective?
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how we are affected by unconscious drives and conflicts
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What do biological psychologists do?
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explore the physiological roots and results of our behaviors
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What are behavior genetics?
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the school of thought that focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
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What is positive psychology?
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the movement that focuses on the study of optimal human functioning and the factors that allow individuals and communities to thrive
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What is basic research?
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
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What is applied research?
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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What do biological psychologists do?
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explore the physiological roots and results of our behaviors
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What do social psychologists do?
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explore the influence others have on behavior
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What do developmental psychologists do?
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study the growth or development that takes place from womb to tomb
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What do cognitive psychologists do?
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study thought processes
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What is the scientific method?
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a method of learning about the world through the application of critical thinking and tools such as observation, experimentation, and statistical analysis
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What is researcher bias?
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a tendency for researchers to engage in behaviors and selectively notice evidence that supports their hypotheses or expectations
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What is critical thinking?
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thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions
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What is participant bias?
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a tendency for research participants to respond in a certain way because they know they are being observed or they believe they know what the researcher wants
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What is naturalistic observation?
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observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
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What is a case study?
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a research technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
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What is a correlational study?
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a research project designed to discover the degree to which two variablers are related to each other
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What is the survey method?
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a research technique designed to discover the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a sample of people through the use of questionaires or interviews
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What is a population?
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all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
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What is a random sample?
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a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance on inclusion
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What is a longitudinal study?
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a research technique that studies the same group of individuals over a long period of time
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What is a cross-sectional study?
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a research technique that compares individuals from different age groups at one time
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What is an experiment?
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a research method in which the researcher manipulates one or more factors (indepentent variables) to observe the effect on other variables (dependent variables) while controlling for confounding variables
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What is a hypothesis?
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a investigator's testable prediction about the outcome of research
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What is an operational definition?
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a specification of the exact procedures used to make a variable specific and measurable for research purposes
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What is the independent variable?
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the research variab;e that a researcher actively manipulates, and if the hypothesis is correct, will cause a change in the dependent variable
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What is the dependent variable?
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the research variable that is influenced by the independent variable. in psychology, the behavior or mental process where the impact of the independent variable is measured
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What is an experimental group?
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the participants in an experiment who are exposed to the treatment, that is, the independent variable
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What is the control group?
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the participants in an experiment who are not exposed in the independent variable. these individuals function as a comparison for the experimental group participants
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What is a random assignment?
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assigning participants to experimental and control groups by change, thus minimizing pre-existing differences among those assigned to different groups
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What is a confounding variable?
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in an experiment, a variable, other than the independent variable, that could influence the dependent variable. to draw cause-and-effect conclusions from an experiment, researchers must control for confounding variables
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What is the double-blind procedure?
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an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) as to the expected outcome of the research. this procedure is used to control for the effects of expectation as confounding variable
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What is a placebo?
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a nonactive substance or condition that may be administered instead of a drug or active agegnt to see if the drug has an effect beyond the expectations produced by taking it
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What is replication?
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repeating a research study to see whether the results can be reliably reproduced unless a study can be replicated the results are likely to be a fluke occurrance
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Why do researchers sometimes use animals for their research?
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some researchers use animals in research to learn more about animal behavior. others conduct controlled studies on animals that they could not conduct on humans because of ethical concerns or practical problems such as the relatively long human life span or the problems of running long-term controlled studies over several generations
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What are genes?
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the biohemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA
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What is the environment?
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every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
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What are chromosomes?
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threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
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What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?
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a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes
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What is a genome?
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the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in its chromosomes
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What is a mutation?
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random errors in gene replication that lead to a change in the individual's genetic code; the source of all genetic diversity
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What is evolutionary psychology?
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the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection
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What is natural selection?
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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What are identical twins?
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twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms
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What are fraternal twins?
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twins who develop from separate eggs. they are genetically no closer than any other brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment
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What is heritability?
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the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
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What is culture?
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the shared attitudes, beliefs, norms, and bbehaviors of a group communicated from one geeneration to the next
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What are norms?
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understood rules for accepted and expected behavior; norms prescribe "proper" behavior
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What is collectivism?
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giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
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What is a zygote?
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the fertilized egg; it enters a two-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
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What is an embryo?
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the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the end of the eighth week
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What is a fetus?
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the developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth
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What are teratogens?
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substances that cross the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normally
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What is a zygote?
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the fertilized egg; it enters a two-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
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What is an embryo?
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the developing human organism from about two weeks after fertilization through the end of the eighth week
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What is a fetus?
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the developing human organism from nine weeks after conception to birth
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What are teratogens?
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substances that cross the placental barrier and prevent the fetus from developing normally
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What is fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)?
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a series of physical and cognitive abnormalities that appear in children whose mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol while pregnant. syptoms may include noticeable facial misproportions
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What is a rooting reflex?
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a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to open the mouth and search for the nipple; this is an automatic, unlearned response
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What is temperament?
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a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
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What is maturation?
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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What is cognition?
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all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and remembering
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What are schemas?
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concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information
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What is assimilation?
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interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas
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What is accomidation?
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adapting one's current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information
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What are the 4 stages of cognitive development?
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
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What is the sensorimotor stage?
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to age 2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities (looking touching, mouthing, and grasping)
Eg. Object permanence |
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What is object permanence?
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the awareness that things continue to exist even when you cannot see or hear them
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What is the preoperational stage?
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to age 6 or 7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet conprehend the mental operations of concrete logic
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What is conservation?
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the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects
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What is egocentrism?
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in Piaget's theory, the inability of the preoperational child to take another's point of view
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What is the concrete operational stage?
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about age 6 or 7 to age 11) during which children gain the mental skills that let them think logically about concrete events (thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations)
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What is the formal operational stage?
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts and form strategies
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What is stranger anxiety?
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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months old
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What is attachment?
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an emotional tie with another person; young children demonstrate attachment by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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Who was Harry Harlow?
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psychologist who researched the relationship of body contact and nourishment to attachment, using infant monkeys and artificial mothers
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What is the critical period?
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development
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Who is Konrad Lorenz?
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researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting
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What is imprinting?
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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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What is authoritarian parenting?
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style of parenting marked by imposing rules and expecting obedience (these parents are low in warmth, and their version of discipline is strict and often physical. maturity expectations are high)
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What is permissive parenting?
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style of parenting marked by submitting to children's desires, making few demands, and using little punishment (these parents are high in warmth, but they rarely discipline their children)
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What is authoritative parenting?
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style of parenting marked by making demands on the child, being responsive, setting and enforcing rules, and discussing the reasons behind the rules (these parents are high in warmth, and their version of discipline is moderate, with lots of talking and negotiating)
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What are the three major issues in the study of developmental psychology?
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continuity and stages, stability and change, and nature and nurture. as infants and children, we tend to accumulate skills and knoledge in a somewhat continuous pattern, but we do mature in stages in some areas, as in motor development. we are to some extent stable (our temperament tends not to change), but we are capable of adapting to a new environment. and in the area of development, as in so many other areas, our heredity and our environment interact to make us who we are
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What is adolescence?
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the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
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What is puberty?
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the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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What are primary sex characteristics?
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the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible
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What are secondary sex characteristics?
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nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair
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What is sexual orientation?
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an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either the other gender (heterosexual) or one's own gender (homosexual)
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Who was Lawrence Kohlberg?
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created a three-stage theory of moral development
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Who was Erik Erikson?
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created an eight-stage theory of social development
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What is an identity?
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one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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What are the 8 stages of psychosocial development?
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infancy, toddlerhood, preschooler, elementary school, adolescence, young adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood
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What is experimentation according to the search of identity during adolescence?
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adolescents often experiment in healthy ways, exploring and taking advantage of a variety of school opportunities, observing various adult role models, or in a variety of careers. But as adolescents sort out what is appealing and what isn't, the experimentation can be less healthy and productive, involving drug or alcohol use or promiscuous behavior
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What is rebellion according to the search of identity during adolescence?
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rebelling against society's standards takes the form of criminal or self-destructive behavior
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What is "self"-ishnessrebellion according to the search of identity during adolescence?
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teens moving in and out of friendship cliques and romances learn more and more about their unique self. teen friendships are important, but temporary. most friendships gradually and naturally change as you move on from high school
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What is intimacy?
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in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving, open relationships; a primary task in early adulthood
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What is the social clock?
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement
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What are the three periods of adulthood?
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early adulthood (age 20-35), middle adulthood (age 36-64), and late adulthood (65 and over)
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What physical changes happen during middle adulthood?
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aging in women (menopause, between ages 45 and 55), hot flashes (in women), and men's testosterone levels drop (but they don't lose their fertility)
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What physical changes happen during later adulthood?
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sight, smell and hearing begin to decline (age 65), muscle strength and stamina diminish, bodies take longer to heal because bones are less dense (weaker),
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What is menopause?
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the time of matural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines
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What is Alzheimer's disease?
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a progressive and irreversible brain brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning
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What is senile dementia?
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the mental disintegration that accompanies alcoholism, tumor, stroke, aging, and most often, Alzheimer's disease
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What is fluid intelligence?
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one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly' tends to decrease during late adulthood
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What is crystallized intelligence?
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one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
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What is love marked by?
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intimate self-disclosure, shared emotional and material support, similar interests and values
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What is a neuron?
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a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
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What is a dendrite?
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the bushy, branching extensions of a neruron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body (soma)
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What is a soma?
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the cell body of a neuron, which contains the nucleus and other parts that keep the cell healthy
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What is an axon?
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the extension of a neuron through which neural impulses are sent
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What is an axon terminal?
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the endpoint of a neuron, where neurotransmitters are stored
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What is action potential?
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a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron
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What is the refractory period?
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the "recharging phase" when a neuron, after firing, cannot generate another action potential
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What is resting potential?
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the state of a neuron when it is at rest and capable of generating an action potential
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What is the all-or-none principle?
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the principle stating that if a neuron fires, it always fires at the same intensity; all action potentials are the same strength
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What is a synapse?
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the tiny, fluid filled gap between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of another
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What is the neurotransmitter?
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a chemical messenger that travels across the synapse from one neuron to the next and influences whether a neuron will generate an action potential (impulse)
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What is consciousness?
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awareness of yourself and your environment
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What is pseudoscientific claim?
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any assertion that is not based on science, even though in some circumstances, attempts are made to appear scientific
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What are biological rhythms?
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periodic physiological fluctuations
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What are circadian rhythms?
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biological rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur approximately every 24 hours
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What are ultradian rhythms?
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biological rhythms that occur once a month or once a season
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What are the costs to your body when you don't get enough sleep?
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about 80% of all students get too little sleep. sleep deprivation decreases the lvels of hormones that the body require for proper functioning, and increases the level of the stress hormone, corisol, which has been linked to damaged brain cells
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What is melatonin?
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a hormone that helps regulate dailt biological rhythms
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What is electroencephalograph (EEG)?
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a machine that amplifies and records waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. electrodes placed on the scalp measure these waves
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What are spindles?
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bursts of brainwave activity that characterize Stage 2 of N-REM sleep
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What is delta sleep?
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Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep, characterized by large, slow delta waves; delta sleep is minimal diring the last four hours of sleep
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What is an electroencephalograph?
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a machine that amplifies and records wabes of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. electrodes placed on the scalp measure these waves
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What are spindles?
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bursts of brainwave activity that characterize Stage 2 of N-REM sleep
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What is delta sleep?
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Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep, characterized by large, slow delta waves; delta sleep is mininal during the last four hours of sleep
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What is N-REM sleep (non-rapid eye movement sleep)?
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the period of sleep in which sleep Stages 1 through 4 occur; not characterized by eye movement or vivid dreams
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What is REM sleep?
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rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. also known as paradoxical sleep, because muscles are relaxed but other body systems are active
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What is insomnia?
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recurring problems in falling asleep or staying asleep
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What can you do to increase the quality of your sleep?
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do not consume caffienated drinks after 3:00 p.m, get up at the same time every morning (don't sleep late on weekends), avoid nighttime activities that rile you up (video games, arguments, etc), remember that it is normal to take 15 minutes or so to fall asleep once you get into bed
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What is sleep apnea?
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a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings
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What is narcolepsy?
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a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. the sufferer lapses directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times
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What is somnambulism?
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sleep walking, which starts in the deeper stages of N-REM sleep. the sleepwalker can walk and talk and barely remember the memory of the event
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What are night terrors?
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a sleep-related problem characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during stage 4 sleep within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep and are seldom remembered
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What is hypnosis?
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a social interaction in which one person (the hypnotist) makes suggestioons about perceptions
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What is the social influence theory?
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the theory that powerful social influences can produce a state of hypnosis
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What is the divided consciousness theory?
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the theory that during hypnosis, our consciousness (our awareness of ourselves and others splits), so that one aspect of consciousness is not aware of the role other parts are playing
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Who was Ernest Hilgard?
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pioneering hypnosis researcher and an advocate of the divided consciousness theoey of hypnosis
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What is hypnotic induction?
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the process in which a hypnotist creates a state of hypnosis in a subject, generally by voicing a series of suggestions
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What is a posthypnotic suggestion?
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a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, that the subject will carry out when no longer hypnotized
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What is posthypnotic amnesia?
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ths supposed inability to remember what happened during hypnosis because the hypnotist suggests that the subject will have no memory of that period of time
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What is a psychoactive drug?
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a chemical substance that alters perceptions, mood, or behavior
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What is dependence?
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a state of physiological and/or psychological need to take more of a substance after continued use. withdrawal follows if the drug is discontinued
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What is withdrawal?
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the discomfort and distress that follow when a person who is dependent on a drug discontinues the use of that drug
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What is tolerance?
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reduced responsiveness to a drug, prompting the user to increase dosage to achieve effects preiously obtained by lower doses
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What is the central nervous system (CNS)?
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the brain and the spinal cord
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What are depressants?
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drugs (such as alchohol and sedatives) that reduce neural activity and slow body function
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What is usually stimulated after drinking small amounts of alchohol?
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rapid talking (when the person is usually shy), aggressive (when the person is usually well-mannered), and giving away money (when the person is usually a penny pincher, they leave the server a huge tip at a restaurant)
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What are barbiturates?
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drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system (CNS), reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
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What are benzodiazepines?
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drugs (such as Valium) that depress the activity of the central nervous system without most of the side effects associated with barbiturates
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What are opiates?
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opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
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What is morphine?
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a strong sedative and pain-relieving drug derived from opium
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What are endorphins?
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"morphine within" - natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
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What are stimulants?
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drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines and cocaine) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
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What is caffeine?
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stimulants found in coffee, chocolate, tea, and some soft drinks
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What is nicotine?
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stimulant from in tobacco
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What is cocaine?
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stimulant derived from leaves of the coca plant
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What are amphetamines?
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drugs that stimulate neural activity, speeding up body functions, and associated energy and mood changes
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What are hallucinogens?
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psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
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What is LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)?
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a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
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What is ecstasy (E)?
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also called MDMA, this hallucinogenic drug produces lowered inhibitions, pleasant feelings, and greater acceptance of others. even moderate use may result in permanent brain damage
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What is marijuana?
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leaves, stems, resin, and flowers from the hemp plant that, when smoked, lower inhibitions and produce feelings of relaxation and mild euphoria
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What are the pleasurable effects of ALCHOHOL?
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initial high follow by relaxation and disinhibition
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What are the adverse effects of ALCOHOL?
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depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions
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What are the pleasurable effets of HEROIN?
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rush of euphoria, relief from pain
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What are the adverse effects of HEROIN?
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depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal
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What are the pleasurable effects of CAFFEINE?
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increased alertness and wakefulness
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What are the adverse effects of CAFFEINE?
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anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal
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What are the pleasurable effects of METHAMPHETAMINE (speed, crystal meth, ice, crank)?
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euphoria, alertness, energy
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What are the adverse effects of METHAMPHETAMINE?
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irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures
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What are the pleasurable effects of COCAINE?
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rush of euphoria, confidence, energy
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What are the adverse effects of COCAINE?
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cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash
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What are the pleasurable effects of NICOTINE?
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arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being
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What are the adverse effects of NICOTINE?
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heart disease, cancer (from tars)
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What are the pleasurable effects of MARIJUANA?
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enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation
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What are the adverse effects of MARIJUANA?
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disrupted memory, lung damage from smoke
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What are the pleasurable effects of ECSTASY (MDMA)?
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euphoria, disinhibition
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What are the adverse effects of ECSTASY (MDMA)?
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brain damage, depression, fatigue
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What is personality?
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an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting
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What was the first comprehensive theory of personality?
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Freud's theory of psychoanalysis
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What is psychoanalysis?
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Freud's theory of personality; also, a therapeutic technique that attempts to provide insight into one's thoughts and actions by exposing and interpreting and underlying unconsicous motives and conflicts
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What is the psychodynamic perspective?
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a view of peprsonality that retains some aspects of Freudian theory (such as the thought processes) but is less likely to see unresolved childhood conflicts as a sourse of personality development
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What is free association?
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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing
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What is preconscious state?
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according to Freud, a region of the mind holding information that is not conscious but is retrievable into conscious awareness
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What is unconscious state?
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according to Freud. a region of the mind that is a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories
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What is the "id"?
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according to Freud, the part ofpersonality that consists of unconscious, psychic energy and strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. the id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
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What is the "superego"?
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the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations
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What is the "ego"?
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the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. the ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
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What are defense mechanisms?
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in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducting anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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What are Freud's psychosexual stages?
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Oral (1-18 months), anal (28-36 months), phallic (3-6 years), latency (6-puberty), and genital (puberty on)
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What are psychosexual stages?
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the childhood stages of development, during which according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on different parts of the body
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What does the oral stage (1-18 months) focus on?
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pleasure centers on the mouth (sucking, biting, chewing)
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What does the anal stage (18-36 months) focus on?
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pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder function; coping with demands for control
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What does the phallic stage (3-6 years) focus on?
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pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous feelings
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What does the latency stage (6-puberty)?
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dormant sexual feelings
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What is the main focus on the genital stage (puberty on)?
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maturation of sexual interests
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What is inferiority complex?
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according to alfred adler, a condition that comes from being unable to conpensate for normal inferiority feelings
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What is a collective unconscious?
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Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memoryy traces from our ancestors
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Who was Carl Jung?
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a Neo-Freudian who believed that human's share a collective unconscious
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Who was Karen Horney?
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a Neo-Freudian who found psychoanalysis negatively biased toward women and believed cultural variables are the foundation of personality development
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Who was Alfred Adler?
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a Neo-Freudian who thought social tensions were more important than sexual tensions in the development of personality
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What are projective tests?
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a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli to trigger projections of one's inner thoughts and feelings
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What is the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?
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a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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What is the Rorschach inkblot test?
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the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identity people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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What is humanistic psychology?
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a perspective that focuses on the study of conscious experience and the individual's freedom to choose and capacity for personal growth
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Who was Abraham Maslow?
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humanistic psychologist who proposed the hierarchy of needs, with self-actualization as the ultimate psychological need
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What is self-actualization?
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according to Abraham Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
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Who is Carl Rogers?
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humanistic psychologist who stressed the importance of acceptance, genuineness and empathy in fostering human growth
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What is a unconditional positive regard?
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according to carl rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
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What is self-concept?
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all our throughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
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