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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Attention |
process of concentrating on specific features of the environment or on a certain thoughts or activities |
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Selective Attention |
focus on one object, exclude others… not taking in all the information, filtering some information. |
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Dichotic Listening |
select and distinguish what we’re gonna concentrate on… |
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What can be reported, what cannot? .. in dichotic listening ? |
most of the time people cant report the message their supposed to be ignoring they can report some things like sound of the voice or gender, but not much. |
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Cocktail party effect |
certain words will catch your attention even if you're not paying attention to another conversation.. like your name… the unattended message you're not listening to is being processed at some level. Also they can notice change in gender or the change in tone. |
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Early Selection Model |
Broadbent: Sensory Memory, Filter, Detector — Filter is very early in processing; right away… hits the sensory memory and then hits the filter, which throws out everything we’re trying not to listen to. This is where selective attention occurs. Problems? — cant explain the cocktail party effect, experiment Dear Aunt Jane and thats when people switch their processing from ear to ear without knowing…. they’ll hear whatever continues to what they first heard. |
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Intermediate Selection Model |
— Treisman’s model.. Filter in the middle; the message come in and hit the attenuateor, and everything gets through, but the messages you're paying attention to come in very strong. Treisman: Attenuator, Dictionary Unit — Then they hit the dictionary unit, a dictionary of every word that you know and requires a different amount of threshold to be activated. Words that are important or common need lower thresholds! Your own name has a very low threshold. |
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Late Selection Model |
We process everything for meaning attendee and unattended and we consciously decide what to attend… Filter everything without noticing! McKay: affect of biasing words — based what they were listening to the unattended side it influenced which ambitious meaning they chose, but it was unconscious! |
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Inattentional blindness |
a stimulus that is not attended is not perceived, even though you may be looking directly at it. |
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Change blindness |
when shown two versions of a picture, differences between them are not immediately apparent.. our system is not set up for such changes |
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Relationship between attention and conscious perception |
Attention is necessary for conscious perception… |
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Flanker compatibility task |
successfully ignore irrelevant information, looking at a set of 3 letters, and only focus on the middle letter… if your response is a certain letter you press a certain button. People still cant ignore the “flankers” (outside distractions). |
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Low-load vs. high-load conditions |
Low-Load, support late selection, less complex stimuli takes less effort. High Load, supports early experiments |
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Stroop task |
saying a color, not the word. |
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Priming spatial attention |
attention can be primed to a location without moving eyes. |
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Unilateral Neglect findings |
disorder of attention, you miss things in the world but its not your visual system that is impaired, but your attention system. They ignore everything to the left side of the world. They don't notice that anything is wrong… |
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Egly et al.’s object-based attention enhancement |
attending to a specific object and not a location, our system is mostly location. |
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Balint’s syndrome |
disorder of attention, problems attending to multiple problems at once. They can only attend to one single object at a time |
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Driving studies (Strayer & Johnson) |
participants on cell phone took longer to step on the break, reaction time is increased.. they take more red lights than they normally would. Bluetooth and stuff still doesn’t make a difference… Talking on the phone is worse than talking to someone who is in the car with you |
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Central Executive & PFC |
executive control, system that helps you focus on what you're supposed to be focused on and ignore irrelevant things, and inhibit automatic response.. when you mess up the PFC, you damage goal neglect. |
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Consistent vs. varied mapping |
have people look at a rapid flash and say whether the target appeared anywhere… the targets were always targets and the distractors were always distractors … when used this a lot, they became better at it. Varied mapping, the targets and distractors could switch in all trials so they never became as good |
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Automatic vs. controlled processing |
Practice makes a task easier.. or automatic.. and more prone to distraction! |
