Psychology 102- Learning

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learning

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relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude that is acquired through experience and cannot be attributed to illness, injury or maturation

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classical conditioning

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a type of learning through which an organism learns to associate one stimulus with another
-pavlonian/respondent conditioning

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stimulus

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event or object in environment to which an organism responds

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unconditioned response

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response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

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unconditioned stimulus

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a stimulus that elicits a specific unconditioned response without prior learning

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conditioned stimulus

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a neutral stimulus that, after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes associated with it and elicits a unconditioned response

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conditioned response

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the learned response that comes to be elicited by a conditioned stimulus as a result of its pairing with an unconditioned stimulus

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higher-order conditioning

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conditioning that occurs when conditioned stimuli are linked together to form a series of signals

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extinction ( classical conditioning)

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in classical conditioning, the weakening and disappearance of conditioned response as a result of repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

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spontaneous recovery

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the reappearance of an extinguished response in weaker form,when an organism is exposed to original condition stimulus following a rest period

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generalization

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in classical conditioning, the tendency to make a conditioned response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus

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discrimination

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the learned ability to distinguish between similar stimuli so that the conditioned response occurs only to the original conditioned stimulus but not to similar stimuli

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habituation

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stop responding to a stimulus because it does not provide information

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What did John Watson demonstrate?

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demonstrated that human emotions are subject to conditioning
-condition "little Albert" to be afraid of white rats and similar objects

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Key to classical conditioning

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pairing unconditioned & conditioned stimulus

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law of effect

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Thorndike law of learning, consequence or effect of a response will determine whether the tendency to respond in the same way in the future will increase or decrease

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operant conditioning

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a type of learning in which the consequences of behaviors are manipulated so as to increase or decrease the frequency of an existing response to a behavior

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punisher

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decreases operant's frequency

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operant

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a voluntary behavior that accidentally brings about a consequence

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reinforcer

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anything that follows a response and strengthens it or increases the probability that it will occur

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reinforcement

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any event that follows a response and strengthens or increases the probability that the response will be repeated

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positive reinforcement

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any pleasant or desirable consequence that follows a response and increases the probability that the response will be repeated

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negative reinforcement

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termination of an unpleasant condition after a response, which increases the probability that the response will be repeated

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primary reinforcer

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needed for survival does not depend on learning

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secondary reinforcer

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a reinforcer that is acquired or learned through association with other reinforcers

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schedule of reinforcement

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systematic process for administering reinforcement

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fixed ratio schedule

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reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct, non reinforced responses
-number of reinforcer depends directly on the response rate

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continuous reinforcement

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get reinforcer for every correct procedure
(ATM)

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partial reinforcement

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only some responses get reinforcer (slot machine)

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how do large ratios affect fixed-ratio schedules

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pause after each reinforcement and then return to high response rate

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variable-ratios schedule

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a schedule in which a reinforcer is given after a fixed number of correct non reinforced responses, based on an average ratio

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how do variable ratios affect the subject?

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take longer to produce learning than a fixed ratio, but it is more resistant to extinction

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partial reinforcement effect

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slow rate of learning which is more resistant to extinction, typical of variable ratio schedule

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fixed interval schedule

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reinforcer is given for first correct response after a specific period of time has passed

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how does a fixed interval schedule affect the subject?

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pause or sharp decline after reinforcement, rapid acceleration in responding just before next reinforcement (scalloping effect)

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how does variable interval schedule affect the subject?

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maintains stable and uniform rates of responding, but at lower rate than ratio schedule because reinforcement is not directly linked to number or responses made

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variable interval schedule

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reinforcer is given after the first correct response after a varying time of nonreinforcement based on an average time

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shaping

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mold desired behavior by reinforcing any movement in the direction of the desired response, guide the responses toward ultimate goal

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successive approximations

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gradual steps, each one more similar to the final desired response

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extinction (operant condition)

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occurs when reinforcers are withheld

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discriminative stimulus

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stimulus that signals whether a stimulus is likely to be rewarded, ignored, or punished

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punishment

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lower probability of a response

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positive punishment

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decrease in behavior cause by added consequence

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negative punishment

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decrease in behavior that results from a removed consequence

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time out

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removal from sources of positive reinforcement
1 minute/ year of child's age

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observational learning

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social-cognitive learning; learning by observing the behavior or others and the consequences of that behavior; imitation

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What theory is Albert Bandura responsible for?

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observational learning/ social-cognitive learning, Bobo doll experiment

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What determines a models effectiveness?

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their status, competence,power, age, sex, attractiveness, ethnicity, observer's characteristics

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modeling effect

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learning a new behavior from a model through the acquisition of new responses

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What are the processes that determining whether observational learning occurs?

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Attention, Retention, Reproduction, Reinforcement

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What did the bobo doll experiment show?

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children learned to copy aggression by observing adult models acting aggressively

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token economy

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motivates socially desirable behavior by reinforcing it with tokens that can be exchanged for desired items or privileges

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behavior modification

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change behavior through program based on classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning, focuses on appropriate behavior

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escape learning

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perform behavior to prevent or terminate aversive event

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avoidance learning

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avoid events or conditions associated with aversive consequences or phobias

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learned helplessness

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Overmeier & Seligman ,passive resignation to aversive condition that is learned through repeated exposure to inescapable or unavoidable aversive events