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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define personality.
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A person's most revealing, dominant and unique patterns of traits (meaning emotions and behaviors) that helps them to adapt to life situations
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Who came up with the theory of the id, ego, and superego?
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Sigmund Freud
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What parts of the unconscious system does the id contain?
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1) Life instincts (drives and urges)
2) Death instincts (aggressive and destructive impulses) 3) Pleasure principles (get pleasure, avoid pain) 4) Source of the libido (psychic energy) |
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What MORAL components of the personality does the superego contain?
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MORALS!!!
1) the conscience (behaviors that are punished) 2) the ego ideal (behaviors that are praised) *in children, reflects parent's expectations and expands over time incorporating the broader social world |
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What parts of the conscious system of personality does the ego contain?
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1) the reality principle
2) draws energy from the id *identifies urges and considers morals and compromises what is possible ex: hungry = i want steak = not enough money = steal it! or earn more money = settle for a quick burger instead |
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Why are behaviorist theories more testable then psychoanalytic theories?
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behaviors are visible where psychoanalytic aren't
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Why are self-reports unreliable?
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*Not objective and people tend to lie
*write about their ideal selves |
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What is Levinson's "Seasons of Life?" (stage approach)
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Stage 1: Preadulthood (dependent to independent)
Stage 2: Early Adulthood (self- energy, stress lead to goals) Stage 3: Middle Adulthood (impact on families and world) Stage 4: Late Adulthood (acceptance of past, present, future) |
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TRAIT APPROACH
Who came up with the idea of characteristics of traits? |
Costa and McCrae
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What are traits?
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Generalized dispositions to thoughts, feelings, and behaviors tat endure over time
*Can be inherited or learned **Manipulate various situations |
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What are the 5 Factors?
Hint: I paddle in a CANOE! :) |
Conscientiousness
Agreeableness Neuroticism Openness Extroversion |
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Describe neuroticism.
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Anxiety, self-conscious, impulsiveness, stableness, depressed, vulnerability
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Describe extroversion.
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Attachment, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excietment-seeking, positive emotions
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Descrive openness.
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Willingness to experience the unfamiliar, aesthetics, feelings, actions, ideas, values
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Descrive agreeableness.
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the quality of interpersonal relations
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Describe conscientiousness
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motivation, persistence, organization in goal-directed behavior
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What does Costa state about habits, vigor, health, and responsibility in relation to stability of personality?
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These circumstances may change, but personality does not and remains stable
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LIFE EVENtS APPROACH
Describe the contextual approach. |
*Age has nothing to do with personality
*Dependent upon SOCIOHISTORICAL and personal circumstances (historical events that influence society i.e. 9/11) *Social clock (marriage, profession... dictated by societal views) |
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What does the "antecedent life-event stressors" say?
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all life events are stressful whether or not they are positive or negative
i.e.- getting married is positive through stressful process i.e.- death of loved one in hospital is stressful (negative ending) |
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What are Mediating factors? Give an example of each category.
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*Internal life events (physical health, intelligence)
*External life events (salary, social support) |
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What is individual time?
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Timing of events on an individuals life (bring about different responses depending on timing)
*Ex: Death of a spouse at 30 versus death of a spouse at 70 |
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What are the two theoretical approaches to developing personalities?
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1) Similarities: Stage theorists
*Erikson *Levinson 2) Differences: life-events frameworks *Neugarten |
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What are the 6 defense mechanisms identified by Freud?
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1) Repression
2) Projection 3) Displacement 4) Reaction Formation 5) Regression 6) Denial |
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What is repression?
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when a threatening idea or memory is blocked from consciousness
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What is projection?
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when a person's own threatening feelings are repressed and attributed to someone else (ex: Blacks are dirty-minded and oversexed)
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What is displacement?
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When emotions are directeted towards things that are not the real object of their feelings (ex: a younger boy mad at his father may take it out on his toys)
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What is sublimation?
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An aspect of displacement- gearing unacceptable impulses for the sake of civilization
ex: sexual desires are sublimated into the creation of art or literature |
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What is reaction formation?
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when a feeling that produces unconscious anxiety is transformed into its opposite consciousness
ex: a woman afraid to admit that she fears her husband may cling to the belief that she loves him deeply |
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What is regression?
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when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development
ex: young boy anxious about parents divorce may revert to thumb sucking |
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What is denial?
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when people refuse to admit that something unplesant is happening
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What did Freud argue as the Psychoanalytic theory of personality development?
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1) Oral (mouth- smoking, sucking)
2) Anal (oranization) 3) Phallic (Oedipal/Oedipus Complex) 4)Latency (non sexual) Genital (all sexual) |
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What is the "Jungian Teory?"
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*a vast collective unconscious of archetypes
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What does the MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory) used to assess?
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Personality disorders
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What is reciprocal determnism?
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Social cognitive theory- aspects of the enviornment (opportunities, rewards) and of the individual (tempermant, habits) help shape personality traits
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