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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental Psychology |
The study of how humans develop during their lifetime. |
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Physical domain |
The growth of the body, brain and hormones through a person’s lifetime. |
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Socio-emotional domain |
The development of our sense of self, our experiences, our interactions with other people and how we learn to cope with/regulate our emotions. |
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Cognitive domain |
The development of processing thoughts, thinking deeply and learning how to reason. |
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Nature and Nurture Influence growth in three developmental domains |
Physical Socio-emotional Cognitive |
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Prenatal Period |
The time period during which a person is conceived and they are born. Includes three major periods of growth: Germinal period Embryonic Period Fetal Period |
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Germinal period |
The period during conception and two weeks after conception in a baby’s development. The sperm and egg create a zygote cell which proceeds to divide itself in half multiple times. A placenta is then grown to nourish and protect the cells. |
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Embryonic Period |
Two weeks to two months (8 weeks) after the baby is conceived. During this time period the embryo develops it’s brain, spine, central nervous system, eyes, heart, arms, legs, teeth, ears, and palate. No new structures develop Critical time for organ formation Most important period for physical development It is very important for women to be consuming Folic Acid |
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Fetal Period |
The time period of two months after conception until the baby is born. The fetus continues to develop it’s brain, spine, central nervous system, eyes, heart, arms, legs, teeth, ears and palate. In the last three months of prenatal development the fetus grows fat under it’s skin and increases greatly in it’s length and weight. |
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Teratogens |
Substances in the environment that can cause birth defects. |
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome |
A syndrome that can occur in babies whose mother drank during pregnancy. It can sometimes occur if a mother is drinking during conception or even if the father is. It causes major developmental problems in the baby. It causes mental and physical birth defects. |
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Infancy |
The early stage of human development. Birth to 18-24 months old. |
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Childhood |
The stage of human development from age 2 until ages 11-14. |
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The Brain changes in two critical ways as infants and children develop. What are they? |
1. Myelinated axons form synapses with other neurons. 2. With time and experience the synaptic connections change. * The connections that are NOT used will decay and disappear. * When the brain is stimulated it is then encouraged to develop. |
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Rooting reflex |
A newborn baby responds to her mouth being touched by opening her mouth in order to prepare for nursing. |
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Sucking reflex |
A newborn baby sucks her mother's nipple. |
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Grasping reflex |
A newborn baby automatically grasps things when their hand is touched/stroked. |
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Motor Skills |
A newborn baby develops the muscles to sit up, crawl, walk, etc. |
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Maturation: |
The sequence that occurs when a baby starts to develop motor skills |
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Dynamic systems theory of development |
Throughout life, every new behavior results from interactions between a person's biology and that person's cultural and environmental contexts. |
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Harry Harlow |
was an American psychologist best known for his maternal-separation, dependency needs, and social isolation experiments on rhesus monkeys, which manifested the importance of care-giving and companionship in social and cognitive development. |
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Separation anxiety |
Babies start to show signs of separation anxiety around eight months old and it generally gets worse around a year old. Separating from their caregiver can cause them great anxiety and unease. |
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Strange situation test |
Was created by developmental psychologist Mary D. Salter and uncovered the three different attachment styles that children have. |
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Secure Attachment |
When a child is comfortable around other people as long as their caregiver is present. If the caregiver is not present the child will be sad and distressed. When the caregiver returns the child needs them to comfort them and then they are able to do their own thing once again. It studied a child and it’s behavior around their caregiver and a stranger. |
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Avoidant Attachment |
When a child is indifferent or avoidant of their caregiver. |
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Ambivalent attachment |
When a child is very upset that their caregiver has left them but may neglect the comforting of the caregiver. |
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Theory of Mind |
When a person understands that other people have minds, intentions, beliefs, feelings, etc. that are different than their own. |
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Jean Piaget |
developmental psychologist. Taught: We change how we think as we form new ways of thinking about the world. |
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Schemas |
A pattern of thought or behavior that changes the way we think about the world and how things work. |
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Assimilation |
we take in new information or experiences and incorporate them into our existing ideas. |
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Accommodation |
- when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas. - you change the schema in order to accommodate the new information. |
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Sensorimotor Stage |
The First stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; during this stage, infants acquire information about the world through their senses and motor skills. |
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Object permanence |
An object still exists even if someone can not see, hear, smell or touch it. |
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Preoperational stage |
The second stage in Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development of children. The stage in which a child is able to think symbolically. |
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Law of conservation |
When a substance’s appearance is changed in one dimension, the properties of the substance do not change. |
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Centration |
Is when a person is so focused/concentrated on one aspect of a situation that they fail to notice the rest of the situation. |
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Egocentrism |
The assumption of the child that everyone else sees, hears, thinks and wants the same as they do. - refers to the child's inability to see a situation from another person's point of view. |
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Concrete operational stage |
The third stage in Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development of children. Children start to think in more concrete logical ways. The child is unable to think “abstractly” but is able to think in concrete ways. |
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Formal Operational Stage |
The fourth stage in Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development of children. Children start to think abstractly; they are able to think about the future and consequences. They are able to plan, reason, and predict outcomes. |
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Morphemes |
A unit of language that is unable to be divided any further. (Ex: suffixes, prefixes) |
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Phonemes |
any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example, p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat. |
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Syntax |
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language. |
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Babbling |
When someone (usually an infant) intends to be vocal but has no specific meaning to what they are “babbling” about. |
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Telegraphic Speech |
-is a concise sentence typically containing five words or less. |
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Overregularization |
s a part of the language-learning process in which children extend regular grammatical patterns to irregular words, such as the use of goed for went, or tooths for teeth. Also known as regularization. |
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Adolescence |
The stage of a person’s life where they transition from a child into an adult. |
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Puberty |
The period of time when a child’s body changes into a sexually mature adult. |
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Secondary sex characteristics |
any physical characteristic developing at puberty which distinguishes between the sexes but is not directly involved in reproduction. |
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Primary sex characteristics |
changes to the sexual organs themselves (uterus, vagina, penis, and testes) |
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Who is Erik Erikson? |
a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis. |
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Identity versus role confusion |
adolescents go through the psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion, which involves exploring who they are as individuals. |
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Who is Lawrence Kohlberg? |
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Preconventional Level |
1. Obedience and punishment orientation(How can I avoid punishment?) 2. Self-interest orientation(What's in it for me?)(Paying for a benefit) When the person is deciding what they should do when faced with a moral dilemma in terms of the self and possible consequences of the person. |
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Conventional Level |
Interpersonal accord and conformity(Social norms)(The good boy/girl attitude) Authority and social-order maintaining orientation(Law and order morality) When the person is deciding what they should do when faced with a moral dilemma in terms of what other people will think of them (Social norms) and if it’s against the law or not (law and order morality). |
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Postconventional Level |
When the person is deciding what they should do when faced with a moral dilemma in terms of “the greater good”. |
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Intimacy versus isolation |
The sixth stage of Erikson’s theory. In this stage people face the challenge of building relationships and learn to form close relationships. |
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Generativity versus stagnation |
The seventh stage of Erikson’s theory. This stage takes place in middle age. In this stage people face the challenge of establishing/caring for the next generation. |
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Integrity versus despair |
The eighth and final stage of Erikson’s theory. Older people look back on their life positivly. |
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What are the eight stages of Erikson's Psychosocial Development? |
1. Infancy 0-2 2. Toddler 2-3 3. Preschool 4-6 4. Childhood 7-12 5. Adolescence 13-19 6. Young adulthood 20s 7. Middle adulthood 30s to 50s 8. Old age 60s and beyond See pg. 140 |
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What are Erikson's eight Major Psychosocial crisis? |
1. Trust vs. mistrust 2. Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3. Initiative vs. guilt 4. Industry vs. inferiority 5. Identity vs. role confusion 6. Intimacy vs. isolation 7. Generativity vs. stagnation 8. Integrity vs. despair See pg. 140 |
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A senior moment: |
A lapse of memory in an unusual time. |
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Dementia: |
A dramatic loss of memory and thinking ability. It is common for behavior to also change. |
