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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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heritability index
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how much is accounted for by genes, how much by environment?
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Critical period/ sensitive period
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analog versus human-
animals MUST get up and walking in thirty minutes, or else will die. this is a CRITICAL PERIOD. humans have more flexibility- there is a SENSITIVE PERIOD where development happens |
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Our genetic makeup: chromosomes
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we have 23 chromosome sets. 22/23 are homologous- exact duplicates.
23rd is a sex chromosome. |
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dominant-recessive disorders:
PKU |
PKU- progressive MR
both M and D are R-R |
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chromosome disorders: Down Syndrome
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also known as trisomy 21
extra chromosome. |
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Sex Chromosome disorders
1)Kleinfelters 2)Turners Syndrome 3)XYY |
1) XXY- extra chromosome in MALES
low verbal intelligence sterile, hormones. 2) Missing second chromosome intelligence not altered short no breasts trouble with spatial - right brain 3) big teeth low intelligence severe acne |
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Pre-Natal Development
3 trimesters 3 stages |
three stages:
1) germination 2) embryonic 3) fetal |
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What happens in embryonic development?
3 major things |
1) central nervous system formation- 3rd to 5th week
2) heart- mid 3rd to 5th week 3) upper/lower limbs- middle 4th week to 8th week |
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Teratogens and what they can do
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1) alcohol- growth retardation, widely spaced eyes, underdeveloped brain, MR
2) crack, coke, methadone, heroine- prematurity, low birth weight, breathing problems 3) smoking- premature births, death around birth, ADHD, bad school achievement |
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three things mother can have (not teratogens) than can be harmful to baby
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1) maternal disease- heart defects, cataracts, MR, deafness
2) Malnutrition- spontaneous abortions, poor development on cns 3) emotional stress- increase in CORTISOL chemical- newborn may have a hard time breathing or have a cleft pallette |
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Apgar- four tests
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1) tonic neck- arms spread out
2) palmer grasp 3) babinski- kick feet out 4) baby suckling |
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Piaget's cognitive development stages
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1) sensorimotor- differentiates self from others (0-2)
2) pre-operational- ME ME ME (2-7) 3) concrete operational- bigger cup does NOT equal more milk (7-11) 4)formal operational- thinks logically about abstract ideas- tests hypotheses (11 ^) |
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neonatal development- two sequences
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1) sephalo-caudal: motor control of heads before the arms, trunk, and lower body
2) proximo-distal: control of trunk before arms and legs |
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Milestones in newborn development
NINE of them- group em |
1) monkey grip
2) grasping with thumbs- a cup w two hands or one hand 3) rolling from side to back 4) sitting alone 5)crawling 6) pulling to a stand 7) pattycake 8) standing alone 9) walking |
1-2- hands
3-5 evolution of transporting 6-9- more extreme |
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Elkind used Piaget's cognitive development as a basis- expanded.
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in the formal operational stage: were still totally consumed with ourselves! WE experience the world in a way no one else does.
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Piaget
heteronomous autonomous |
1) heteronomous- respect for rules. violation of rules results in PUNISHMENT. 5-10 y.o
2) autonomous- things arent so black and white- question authority, it was an accident! (ten ^). |
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Colberg
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moral development. from sensorimotor -- formal operational- we get a lot more moral.
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Kolbergs three stages of moral development that correspond with Piagets
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PRE-
1) differ to authority- punishment and obedience 2) whats in it for me? Conventional 3) care and concern for others 4) doing ones duty to country Formal 5) legal fairness 6) universal ethical principle |
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Lewins Field Theory
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1) approach approach. there are two good things- two job offers. needa pick
2) avoid-avoid. two bad choices- gotta pick one 3) approach-avoid. something good that has a bad consequence. give rat food- shock him |
how we react to situations- three ways
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Lewin Zeigarnick effect
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remember incomplete tasks better than completed ones.
so- a waitress remembers food until the minute the bill is paid |
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Lewin Social Situations
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one on one, one on many, many on one, many on many.
RESULTS: |
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Festinger social comparison theory
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the way we view ourselves is based on how we judge others
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over-justification hypothesis
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extrinsic rewards overall decrease intrinsic motivation.
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attribution theory
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judgements about the CAUSES of our own behaviors as well as others
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anxiety caused me to attack
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fundamental attribution error
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you over-value personality based explanations for why ppl do things.
"typical emily" |
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self skewers
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usually depressed- dont give themselves credit for the good things, overcredit themselves for bad things that happen.
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primacy effect
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what you see FIRST (primarily) youll remember the most.
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trait-negativity bias.
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we weigh negative information more highly that positive information
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relates to fundamental attribution error.
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confirmation bias
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tendency to seek and interpret information that verifies our biases.
yep, asians are skinny. |
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self fulfilling prophecy
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prediction that comes true but in some way, you behaved to make it come true
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prejudice/discrimination/stereotypes
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internal/external/grouping ppl based on schemas
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Social Categorization: sort people into GROUPS.
this is diff than forms. illusory correlation and outgroup homogenity |
2) outgroup homogenity- "theyre all alike"
3) illusory correlation - unfamiliar/unknown - dont like. known/familiar- like. 4) discrimination- external/illegal 5) prejudice- internal feelings |
five things we do
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reasons behind prejudice
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1) parental beliefs- parents who have an authoritarian or FASCIST(nazis) personality- higher prob that theyre judgemental.
2) community 3) media 4) individual reaction |
four reasons
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different forms of prejudice- eek!
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1) we come together in the face of conflict.
2) we favor US- J love J 3) subtle modern racism 4) aggression 5) we stereotype ppl- alisas the anxious one. 6) we do better at simple tasks when other ppl are around 7) social loafing-hen there are other people in a group, each person works less hard. 8) unanimous decision bc of group dynamic |
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attraction goes up when...
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proximity
reciprocity physical attractiveness complimentarity- get response you want |
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altruism and prosocial behavior
+ bystander apathy/bystander effect |
the more people are around, the less will help
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Social Influence-
what we do to try to change other peoples behaviors: |
1. conformity- put peer pressure on em
2. compliance 3. obedience- milgrim experiment. |
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distal v. proximal stimuli
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distal- further away- real objects that are far away
proximal- closer things that impinge ON us. (mosquito) |
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transduction
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take the physical stimuli and convert it to neural impulses
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fechners "signal detection"
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we can distinguish between our senses
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sensory coding
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our senses de-sensitive- no longer smell moms cooking in da house
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kinesthesis
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sense of balance and the movements of the body
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memory- carl lashley
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organization of percieved material with the consistency of time
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temporal lobes v. hippocampus
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temp- long term memory
hippocampus- where short term mem is converted to long term memory. |
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long term potentiation
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the process of short term to long term memory conversion- when you keep repeating stimulus, turns to long term.
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cerebellum and memory
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where our body memory is stored!
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three parts of memory
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1) acquisition/ encoding
2) storage 3) retrieval |
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chunking
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break up sequences - can remember seven plus or minus two chunks
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amnesia
2 types |
1) anterograde- trouble learning after a traumatic accident
2) retrograde- cant remember past |
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self serving bias
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blame things that were bad on outside things, good on our abilities
we think we rock. |
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opponent process theory
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opposites red/green, blue/yellow, black/white- i.e flash, experiments
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korkasoff syndrome
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if u drink a lot of alc and dont eat- i.e, no vitamin d- get lesions on hippocampus- affects memory
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john briere: we have two kinds of memory
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1) explicit- word memories
2) implicit- feelings we have in the body- a baby is scared of a dog! |
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Language-
5 properties that give us INFINITE generativity |
we can express an infinite amount of words with limited means
1) creative and novel 2) all language is structured and patterned 3) all expresses an idea 4) all describe things 5) interpersonal |
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chomsky- language development
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1) behavioral perspective- language is learned through conditioning
2) nativist perspective- thats not enough- kids quickly go off and speak even if they havent explicitly learned it before |
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language acquisition device
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when child learns enough words, can come up with novel but grammatically consistent sentences.
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berk- interactionalist perspective
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language development happens sequentially:
1) crying 2) cooing 2 mos. 3) pseudo dialogues- 3 mos 4) babbling 6 mos. 5) non verbal signals- pointing 12 mos. 6) first words/sound play- 11-16 mos 7) holophrastic speech 1-2 y.o 8) telegraphic 18 m- 6 yr 9) 3-5 - complex grammatical form. |
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