Psychology 101

Front 1

From notes Research drives what ?

Back 1

Psychology

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Empiricism from notes is ?

Back 2

the view that experience, especially of the seses, is the only source of knowledge.

Front 3

List the critical thinking points from notes ?

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-Evaluate evedence for themsevles
-Take very little at face value
-Evidence both for and against
-Look at consequences

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Logic Traps/Errors is meaning what form notes ?

Back 4

meaning the phrase "slippery slope"

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What does the phrase "slippery slope" mean ?

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out of control till a conclusion (emotional conclusion).

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From notes the elements of Research ?

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-Hypothesis
-Form a theory
-Don't test theories

Front 7

From notes Operational Definitions ?

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IV (Independent Variable;treatment) / DV (Dependent Variable;outcome) / Confound (Confounding Variable)

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From notes what is data ?

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Observations and Info

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Operational Definition is a very ?

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precise description

Front 10

From notes reliability is ?

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Consistency

Front 11

From notes Validity is ?

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Accuracy

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Goal of Research is from notes is ?

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-Understanding
-Describe
-Predict
-Control
-Synthesize
-Explain-nothing left to learn

Front 13

From notes Research/Data Analysis/ Statistics list the things about them ?

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-Describe and Analyize
-Make inferences (cause and effect)

Front 14

Descriptive Statistics from notes ?

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Describe, summarize, look at relationships

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Inferential Statistics what/outcome from notes ?

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-cause and effect
-experiments ; Aids in critical thinking

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Discriptive Statistics from notes use what for understanding a hypothisis?

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Mean, Median, Mode, and Range

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The Mean from notes is ?

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The Average

Front 18

The Median from notes is ?

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Mid point 50% Divides distrubution of scores in half

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The Mode from notes is ?

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most common in half score

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Variability from notes deal with what ?

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Variance and Standard Deviation

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Standard Deviation from notes also is the ?

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Mean

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Correlation from notes does not _____ and has a what ?

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imply cause ...... relationship between 2 variances

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Range from notes is ?

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the plus change in same direction

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Illusion of Cause from notes means ?

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coralations being flat, negative, and the same and differences between things like
-Height and weight
-Change in opposite directions
-Hrs exercised and weight

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Inferential Statistics from notes are things like ?

Back 25

t - tests (probability based)
tests a sample mean against
and population mean

Front 26

From notes a result of what you want from research is ?

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a significant difference (like in people with depression with scores differing from a M-10 to M-20

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T- Test from notes have significant ?

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limitations you can only test on one thing at a time.

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ANova test from notes you can do what with that t-test can't ?

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have many different independent variables at the sametime (so can test more than one thing at a time)

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Clinical significance an example of from notes would be ?

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IQ scores stats 9-12 points differing

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From notes the APA: Use of human Subjects rules ?

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-Avoiding Harm
-Informed Consent
-Disclosure
-Right to Quit

Front 31

Critical thinking is ?

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the process of assessing claims and making judgments on the basis of well-supported evidence.

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One way to apply critical thinking to any topic is by asking what five questions ?

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-What am I being asked to believe or accept?
-What evidence is available to support the assertion?
-Are there alternative ways of interpreting the evidence?
-What additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives?
-What conclusions are most reasonable?

Front 33

Hypothesis is ?

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in scientific research, a prediction stated as a specific, testable proposition about a phenomenon.

Front 34

Operational Definition is ?

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a statement that defines the exact operations or methods used in research.

Front 35

Variable is ?

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a factor or characteristic that is manipulated or measured in research.

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Data is ?

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numbers that represent research findings and provide the basis for research conclusions.

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Hypotheses state in clear, precise words what ?

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researchers think may be true and how they will know if it is not.

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data (the plural of datum) or a ?

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data set

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Scientists have a special responsibility to ?

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combat confirmation bias by looking for evidence that contradicts their hypotheses, not just for evidence that supports them.

Front 40

Reliability is ?

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the degree to which the data are stable and consistent

Front 41

Validity of data is ?

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the degree to which they accurately represent the topic being studied.

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theory is ?

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a set of statements designed to account for, predict, and even suggest ways of controlling certain phenomena.

Front 43

Theories are tentative explanations that must be ?

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subjected to scientific examination based on critical thinking.

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Research often raises at least as many _____________as it _________?

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questions ..... answers

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Like other scientists, psychologists strive to achieve four main goals in their research they are ?

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to Describe behavior and mental processes, to make accurate Preditions about them, to demonstrate some Control over them, and ultimately to Explain how and why behavior and mental processes occur.

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Psychologsits tend to do what to describe and predict behavior and mental processes?

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use Naturalistic Observation, Case Studies, Surveys, and Correlational Studies

Front 47

Psychologists use what to control and explain behavior and mental processes ?

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Experiments

Front 48

Naturalistic Observation is ?

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the process of watching without interfering as behavior occurs in the natural environment.

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Case Study is ?

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A research method involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation.

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With proper permission, psychologists can ?

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observe people in many kinds of situation.

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Survey is ?

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A research method that involves giving people questionnaires or special interviews designed to obtain descriptions of their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions.

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Correlational Studies is ?

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examine relationships between variables in order to describe research data more fully, to test predictions, to evaluate theories, and to suggest new hypotheses about why people think and act as they do.

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Experiments are ?

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situations in which the researcher manipulates one variable and then observes the effect of that manipulation on another variable, while holding all other variables constant.

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Experimental group is ?

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in an experiment, the group that receives the experimental treatment.

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Control Group is ?

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in an experiment, the group that receives no treatment or provides some other baselive against which to compare the performance or response of the experimental group

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Independent Variable is ?

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the variable manipulated by the researcher in an experiment

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Dependent Variable is ?

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in an experiment, the factor affected by the independent variable

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Confounding Variable is ?

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In an experiment, any factor that affects the dependent variable, along with or instead of the independent variable

Front 59

What are the three sources of confounding ?

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-Random Variables, -Participants' expectations, and -Experimenter Bias.

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Random Variables are ?

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uncontrolled, sometimes uncontrollable, factors, such as the time of year when research takes place and differences in the participants' backgraounds, personalities, life experiences, and vulnerability to stress, for example.

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Random Assignment are ?

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presumed to distribute the impact of uncontrolled variables ranomly (and probably about equally) across groups, thus minimizing the chance that these variables will distort the results of the experiment.

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Confounding differences in what people _________ about the experimental situation do what in return ?

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think..........try harder thinking the treatment will work for them.

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Placebo Effect is when ?

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improvement is created by a participant's knowledge and expectations.

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Placebo is ?

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a treatment that contains nothing known t obe helpgul but that nevertheless produces benefits because a person believes it will be beneficial.

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Experimenter Bias is ?

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the unintentional effect that experimenters may exert on their results

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Double-Blind Design is ?

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a research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group

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Sampling is ?

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The process of selecting participants who are members of the population that the researcher wishes to study

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Representative Sample is ?

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a group of research participants whose characteristics fairly reflect the characteristics of the population from which they were selected

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Random Sample is ?

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a group of research participants selected from a population whose members all had an equal chance of being chosen

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Biased Sample is ?

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a group of research participants selected from a population each of whose members did not have an equal chance of being chosen

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The luck of the draw is called what from a random sample by psychologists ?

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Sampling Error

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Not everyone from a random sampling will argree to the expirement which is called ?

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Nonresponse Error

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Convenience Samples are convenitly what ?

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samples of the population who are at a convenience to the experiment being studied and also within the budget

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Behavioral Genetics is ?

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The study of how genes and evironment work together to shape behavior

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In Family Studies researchers look at what ?

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whether close relatives are more likely than distant ones to show similar behavior and mental processes

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Twins Studies explore the what ?

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heredity-environment mix by comparing the similarities seen in identical twins with those of nonidentical pairs

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Adoption Studies take scientific advantage of ?

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cases in which babies are adopted very early in life.

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Descriptive Statistics is ?

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the numbers that summarize a set of research data

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Inferential Statistics is ?

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a set of mathematical procedures that help psychologists make inferences about what their research sata mean.

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Mode is ?

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a measure of central tendency that is the value or score that occurs most frequently in a data set

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Median is ?

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a measure of central tendency that is the halfway point in a set of data: Half the scores fall above the median, and half fall below it.

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Mean is ?

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a measure of central tendency that is the arithmetic average of the scores in a set of data

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The three most important descriptive statistics are ?

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-Measures of central tendency
-Measures of variability
-Correlation coefficients

Front 84

Measures of central tendency ?

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describes the typical score (or value) in a set of data

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Measures of variability ?

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describes the spread, or dispersion, among the scores in a set of data

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Correlation coefficients ?

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describes relationships between variables

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Range is ?

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A measure of variability that is the difference between the highest and the lowest values in a data set

Front 88

Standard deviation (SD) is ?

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A measure of variability that is the average difference between each score and the mean of the data set

Front 89

Correlation is ?

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In research, the degree to which one variable is related to another

Front 90

Correlation Coeffiicient is ?

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a statistic, r, that summarizes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables

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Statistically significant is ?

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referring to a correlation, or a difference between two groups, that is larger than would be expected by chance

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Positive correlation is ?

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two variables increase together or decrease together

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Negative correlation is ?

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the variables move in opposite directions