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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Personality
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refers to an individual’s distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, motives thoughts and emotions that characterizes an individual throughout life.
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Psychodynamic Influences on Personality
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Sigmund Freud was the founder of psychoanalysis. His theory emphasized that personality was formed by intrapsychic conflicts in early childhood. Most of these conflicts are unconscious.
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ID
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source of libido or sexual energy and aggression-present at birth. EGO-source of reason
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SUPEREGO
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source of conscience. Various defense mechanisms protect the ego from unconscious anxiety
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Repression
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occurs when a threatening idea, memory or emotion is blocked from consciousness
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Projection
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occurs when one’s own unacceptable feelings are repressed and attributed to someone els
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Displacement
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occurs when people direct their emotions (often anger) toward things that are not the real object of their feelings
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Reaction formation
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when a feeling that produces anxiety is transformed into its opposite in consciousness.
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Regression
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when a person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development.
According to Freud each individual goes through psychosexual stages in which conflict can arise. Oral stage (1st year of life), Anal stage (age 2-3), Phallic stage (age 3 to 5-6), Latency stage (age 6 to puberty). If issues at each stage aren’t properly resolved, a person can become fixated at that stage. |
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Gordon Allport
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proposed that people have a few central traits and a greater number of secondary traits
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Raymond Cattell
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used factor analysis to identify clusters of traits that he considered the basic components of personality
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Humanistic psychology
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evolved in the 1960’s with an approach to personality the emphasized the freedom of individuals to choose to act in certain ways. Two key humanists in this movement are Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
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Carl Rogers
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believed that people developed properly if they received unconditional positive regard so that we can become “fully functioning individuals.”
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Abraham Maslow
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emphasized a hierarchy of needs that need to be met for the individual to become self actualizing
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Conception to the First Year
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Babies survival depends on the physical and emotional attachment to their caregivers. The need for contact comfort gives rise to emotional attachment.By age 6 to 8 months infants begin to feel stranger anxiety. Research by Margaret and Harry Harlow demonstrated a need for contact comfort in young rhesus monkeys similar to humans.
Studies of the Strange Situation (p. 526) have distinguished secure from insecure attachment. Insecurity takes two forms; avoidant or anxious-ambivalent. Babies recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language by 4 to 6 months |
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Piaget’s stages
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Sensorimotor (birth to 2), Preoperational (ages 2 to 7), Concrete operations (age 7 to 12), Formal operations (age 12 to adult)
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Sensorimotor (birth to 2)
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during which child learns object permanence. Babies recognize key vowel and consonant sounds of their native language by 4 to 6 months
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Preoperational (ages 2 to 7)
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language and symbolic thought develop.
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Concrete operations (age 7 to 12)
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child understands concepts of conservation and serial ordering.
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Formal operations (age 12 to adult)
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abstract reasoning develops
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Gender Development
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includes the emerging awareness of gender identity, the understanding that a person is biologically male or female regardless of what he or she wears.
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Gender Typing
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process by which children learn the abilities, interests, and behaviors associated with being masculine or feminine in their culture
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Adolescence
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Most adolescents do not go through extreme emotional turmoil, anger and rebellion. Conflict with parents, mood swings and depression, and reckless behavior are more common in adolescence than in childhood or adulthood.
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Adulthood
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Erik Erikson proposed that life consists of with stages, each with a unique psychological challenge or crisis to be resolved. Developmental stage in the adult years are as follows Intimacy vs, isolation- young adulthood Generat. vity vs. stagnation-middle age,Ego integrity vs. despair-old age
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Motivation
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an inferred process within a person that causes that organism to move toward a goal
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Intrinsic motivation
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enjoyment of an activity for its own sake
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Extrinsic motivation
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pursuit of goals for external rewards (e.g., money, praise)
Know what motivates hunger |
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The biology of weight
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Know what Set point is and what influences it (genetic heritability; metabolism rate; and intrinsic motivation). Remember that fat cells can change in size but not in number.
When a heavy person diets, the metabolism slows down; when a thin person overeats, the metabolism speeds up (doesn’t seem fair does it? ) Know what twin and adoption studies show about weight and genes. Know the percentage of overweight Americans as compared with other countries. Know the cultural trends and gender issues surrounding this topic.Know the Eating Disorders and obsessions with weight and body weight (Anorexia Nervosa; Bulimia; Binge Eating Disorder). Be familiar with the concepts of Excessive Exercising and Steroid abuse. Be familiar with the chemicals that are discussed in Chapter 12. They are important for motivating the body for hunger, exercise, sex, drive, energy |
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The Social Animal- Motivated to Love
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The Motivation to Love: Know the importance of attachment.
Ainsworth’s three attachment styles and Sternberg’s triangular theory of love both talk about the need for attachments. Know what these theories would predict in terms of how passion and intimacy change over time |
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The Biology of Love:
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Know The Kinsey Report and Masters and Johnson studies on physical arousal and gender differences. Know why they are historically important.
Gender differences in sex drives; sexual differences in courtship and mating practices are easily explained by evolutionary psychologists but their critics claim that this is stereotyping the genders and that sexual behavior is extremely varied and changeable. Know the arguments against the evolutionary psychologists’ explanations and which theorists would hold those views. Know the main reasons that people become involved in a sexual relationship (for self-enhancement, for emotional fulfillment, for enhancement, for emotional coping). |
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Motivation to Achieve
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Goals are most likely to improve performance when three conditions are met: 1) The goal is specific; 2) The goal is framed positively; 3) The goal is challenging but achievable.
Know the effects of motivation on performance goals if these three conditions are not met. Know what occurs if learning and mastery goals are not met. Know the three types of motivational conflicts. Know Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. |
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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is a series of physiological responses to stressors that occur in three phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
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During the alarm phase the following occurs:
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1/ The adrenal hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are released
2/ Boost in energy 3/ Shutting down of digestion 4/ Rise in blood pressure |
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HPA stands for?
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for hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis
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HPA ----hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal cortex axis
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is a system activated to energize the body to respond to stressors. The hypothalamus sends chemical messengers to the pituitary, which in turn prompts the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and other hormones.
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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refers to the mind-body link between mental states and physical illnesses related to the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system.
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Type A personality
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is most closely related to heart disease due to the characteristic of hostility. See Figure 15.2 on page 575
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Locus of control
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refers to a general expectation about whether the results of your actions re under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus).
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Successful ways of coping with stress
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1/ Physical strategies – relaxation, meditation, massage, exercise
2/ Cognitive strategies – reappraising the problem, learning from the problem, making social comparisons 3/ Social strategies – relying on friends/family, finding a support group, helping others |
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mental disorder
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is any behavior or emotional state that causes an individual great suffering, is self-destructive, seriously impairs the person’s ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others or the community.
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of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM)
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to provide clear diagnostic categories of disorders
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The DSM has 5 axes or dimensions
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1. The primary clinical problem (such as depression)
2. Ingrained aspects of the person’s personality (such as antisocial personality traits) 3. Medical conditions (or medications) which are related to the Axis 1 symptoms. 4. Social and environmental stressors contributing to the disorder 5. A global assessment of functioning in major life areas (a single number from 1 to 100) |
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Anxiety disorders
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include posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), phobias, and agoraphobia. Know the major characteristics of each of these disorders.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),
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another anxiety disorder, is characterized by recurrent, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety.
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Major depression
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is characterized by disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual activities), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite).
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Bipolar disorder
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involves episodes of depression and mania, which is characterized by excessive euphoria, feelings of power, and impulsive behavior.
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Personality disorders
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involve unchanging, maladaptive traits that cause great distress or an inability to get along with others
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Borderline personality disorder
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is characterized by intense but unstable relationships, a fear of abandonment by others, an unrealistic self-image, and emotional volatility. Know the basic characteristics of paranoid, narcissistic, and especially antisocial personality disorder.
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Schizophrenia
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is a psychotic disorder marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized and incoherent speech, inappropriate behavior, and cognitive impairments. These are considered “positive symptoms.” Negative symptoms include isolation and withdrawal, appearing emotionally “flat”, and exhibiting catatonic stupor.
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classification of drugs commonly used for mental disorders
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Antipsychotic drugs, Antidepressant drugs,
Tranquilizers, Lithium carbonate |
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Antipsychotic drugs
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which are primarily used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Also called neuroleptics (Thorazine, Haldol, Risperdal). May also be used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Be able to address side effects
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Antidepressant drugs
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are used in the treatment of mood disorders, especially depression and anxiety (MAOI’s, tricyclic antidepressants, SSRI’s). Be able to address side effects
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Tranquilizers
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such as Valium & Xanax, are commonly and often inappropriately prescribed for complaints of unhappiness, anxiety, or worry. Be able to address side effects
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Lithium carbonate
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is frequently prescribed for people experiencing symptoms of bipolar disorder and is its own category. Be able to address side effects.
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Psychosurgery
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is any surgical procedure that destroys/removes selected areas of the brain that are believed to be involved in emotional disorders or in violent, impulsive behavior.
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Psychodynamic Therapies
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free association, Transference, psychodynamic therapy
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free association
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Psychodynamic Therapie: The process of freely saying whatever comes to mind in connection with dreams, memories, fantasies or conflicts
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Transference
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Psychodynamic Therapies: refers to the critical process in which the client may transfer unconscious emotions or reactions onto the therapist. Such emotions or reactions may include having emotional feelings about the therapist that were related to their feelings about parents, etc
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psychodynamic therapy
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Psychodynamic Therapies: Any psychotherapy that shares the psychoanalytic goal of exploring the unconscious dynamics of personality, although they may differ from Freudian analysis in a variety of ways
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Applied behavioral Analysis (ABA) or behavior therapy
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is a form of therapy that applies principles of classic and operant conditioning to help people change self-defeating or problematic behaviors.
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graduated exposure
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a person experiencing a phobia or symptoms of a panic attack is gradually taken into the feared situation or exposed to a traumatic memory until the anxiety subsides.
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flooding
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client is taken directly into the feared situation until the anxiety subsides
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Systematic desensitization
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step-by-step process desensitizing a client to a feared object or experience; based on classical conditioning’s counterconditioning.
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behavioral self-monitoring
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careful data on the frequency and consequences of a behavior
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Skills training
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effort to teach the client skills that he or she may lack, as well as new constructive behaviors to replace the old, self-defeating behaviors.
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Cognitive therapy
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therapy designed to identify and change irrational and unproductive ways of thinking in order to reduce negative emotions
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REBT (rational emotive behavior therapy)
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developed by Albert Ellis: to challenge the client’s unrealistic thought patterns. Clients may overgeneralize, catastrophize & engage in other forms of ‘irrational’ thinking or cognitive distortions
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Humanist therapy
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A form of psychotherapy based on the philosophy of humanism, which emphasizes a client’s freewill to change rather than past conflicts
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Client-centered or nondirective therapy
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is the humanist approach developed by Carl Rogers and emphasizes the therapist’s empathy with the client and the use of unconditional positive regard.
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Existential Therapy
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is designed to help clients explore the meaning of existence and to face the great questions of life, including death, freedom, alienation and loneliness (see Frankl, Yalom).
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family-systems perspective
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an approach to doing therapy with individuals or families by identifying how each family member forms part of a larger interacting system. Family therapy tries to modify family patterns, while couple’s therapy seeks resolution of conflicts and the breaking of destructive patterns/habits.
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The therapeutic alliance
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is the bond of confidence and mutual understanding established between therapist and client which allows them to work together to solve the client’s problems. Understand what qualities of the participants are important as well as the connection between therapy and culture.
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Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD)
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involves an analysis of the assumptions, avoiding emotional reasoning, an examination of the evidence. What else did the authors find pertinent in the research of CISD?
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CBT has emerged as the therapy of choice for
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•depression
•prevention of suicide •anxiety disorders •anger & impulsive violence •health problems •childhood & adolescent behavior problems •relapse prevention |
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Motivational interviewing
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has been found to be effective for treating alcohol abuse. What other treatments have been found to be effective for differing disorders?.
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The risk of therapy in doing harm increases when a therapist
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•uses empirically unsupported potentially dangerous techniques
•uses inappropriate or coercive influence that can create new problems for a client •engages in prejudice or cultural ignorance regarding a client •initiates sexual intimacies or other types of unethical behavior |
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In choosing a therapist, one should consider
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•credential & training
•choosing a therapy •deciding when to terminate therapy |
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THREE BOX MODEL
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Sensory Register for a second or two,
then in Short Term Memory for about 30 seconds. Info is stored in Long Term Memory for a few minutes up to decades |
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Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP),
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model of memory: which represents knowledge as connections among various processing units.
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FORGETTING
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Information in Sensory and Short Term Memory begins to decay if not used.
New info “erases” old info in the Long Term Memory due to interference. Cue-dependant forgetting occurs when retrieval cues are inadequate |
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CONFABULATION
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confusing an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or coming to believe that you remember something that never really happened.
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MEASURING MEMORY
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Tests for recall are essay questions, fill-in-the-blank questions and memory games such as Trivial Pursuit.
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Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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includes these 3 aspects of intelligence:
1.Componential Intelligence 2.Experiential Intelligence 3.Contextual Intelligence |
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INTELLIGENCE TESTS
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based on theories of intelligence.
Howard Gardner proposed the concept of Emotional Intelligence where the domain of intelligence is expanded to include multiple types of intelligence. David Wechsler developed the IQ tests used most often today. |