Psychology 1000: Test #3

Front 1

What are the 4 stages of sexual response cycle?

Back 1

excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution

Front 2

What is the current research regarding homosexuality?

Back 2

the current research suggests that homosexuality is caused by BIOLOGICAL factors, not environmental.

Front 3

good to know: the need to belong

Back 3

*it is extremely important for people to feel like they belong and they will go to extreme lengths to fix in.
*colors our thinking
*increases self esteem

Front 4

What are the three theories of emotion?

Back 4

James-Lange Theory
Cannon-Bard Theory
Two-Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer )

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James-Lang

Back 5

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 498)

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cannon-bard

Back 6

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 498)

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two-factor theory

Back 7

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 498)

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catharsis

Back 8

emotional release. In psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 518)

Front 9

What is the most universally understood expressed emotion?

Back 9

body language (facial expressions)

Front 10

general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Back 10

Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three states-alarm, resistance, exhaustion. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 529)

Front 11

(stages & order) of general adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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Phase 1 - initial - alarm reaction
Phase 2 - coping mech - resistance
Phase 3 - exhaustion

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type a

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Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 532)

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type b

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Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 532)

Front 14

How does stress make us more vulnerable to disease?

Back 14

Stress diverts energy from the immune system, inhibiting the activities of its B and T lymphocytes, macrophages, and NK cells. Although stress does not cause diseases such as AIDS and cancer, it may influence their progression.

Front 15

What are the three parts of personality?

Back 15

Id, Ego & Superego

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Id

Back 16

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 555)
notes: it wants what it wants; “pleasure principle”

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ego

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the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 555)
notes: rational, competent; “reality principle”

Front 18

superego

Back 18

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 555)
notes: moralistic component; rigid

Front 19

What, according to Freud, were some of the important defense mechanisms, and what do they defend against?

Back 19

He believed repression to be the basic defense mechanism. Others include regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, and displacement. All supposedly serve to reduce anxiety. Modern research supports the phenomenon Freud called projection and current researchers call the false consensus effect. Some evidence also supports self-esteem defenses, such as reaction formation. But there is little support for the others. (Myers Psychology 9e pp. 355, 557)

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repression

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in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.
notes: it is done unconsciously; banished from conscious awareness

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regression

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psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

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reaction formation

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psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings. (ex. angry to overly friendly)

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projection

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psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others. (ex. the thief thinks everyone is like them)

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rationalization

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defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions. (ex. Habitual drinker says, “just with friends”)

Front 25

displacement

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psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet. (ex. child kicks dog after being yelled at; sexual displacement)

Front 26

denial

Back 26

defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

Front 27

psychosexual stages

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the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 556)

Front 28

What are the symptoms of oral fixation?

Back 28

passive dependence (like that of a nursing infant) or an exaggerated denial of this dependence (by acting tough or uttering biting sarcasm); the person might continue to seek oral gratification (smoking, excessive eating, incessant gum chewing)

Front 29

What are signs of a weak ego?

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signs of a weak ego may present as unrestrained sexual or aggressive impulses (you would be more likely to gratify your impulses without regard to the consequences)

Front 30

Who were the Neo-Freudians?

Back 30

the most prominent were Adler, Horney & Jung

Front 31

What did Carl Jung emphasize?

Back 31

he placed less emphasis on social factors; agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence but mainly that our unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings; we have a COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS – a common reservoir of images derived from our species’ universal experiences. (archetype)

Front 32

What is trait theory?

Back 32

theory of personality; focuses on identifying, describing, measuring, and individual, differences, in behavioral
predisposition. (ex. honest, dependable, moody, impulsive)

Front 33

good to know: trait theory

Back 33

*doesn’t explain human personality
*doesn’t explain development of individual differences
*doesn’t address important personality issues

Front 34

Which traits seem to provide the most useful information about personality variation?

Back 34

the big five (CANOE)

Front 35

What are the five traits of CANOE?

Back 35

(C)onscientiousness – organized/unorganized; careful/careless; disciplined/impulsive
(A)greeableness – soft-hearted/ruthless; trusting/suspicious; helpful/uncooperative
(N)euroticism (emotional stability vs instability) – calm/anxious; secure/insecure/self-satisfied/self-pitying
(O)penness – imaginative/practical; preference of variety/preference for routine; independent/conforming
(E)xtraversion – sociable/retiring; fun-loving/sober; affectionate/reserved

Front 36

social-cognitive perspective

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views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 576)
notes: basic temperament/traits that determines interactions; human potential

Front 37

Who is the major social-cognitive theorist?

Back 37

Albert Bandura - he believed that personality is the result of an interaction that takes place between a person and their social context

Front 38

good to know: social-cognitive perspective

Back 38

personality is developed through interaction of personality & situation, processing of info from social experiences, conc. is self-regulated

Front 39

external locus of control

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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 578)

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internal locus of control

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the perception that you control your own fate. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 578)

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learned helplessness

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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 579)

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unrealistic optimism

Back 42

a way of explaining positive or negative events

Front 43

overall belief system of humanistic psychology

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self-concept; historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 5)

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major theorists & beliefs of humanistic psychology

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maslov: we are motivated by hierarchy of needs; we ultimately seek self-actualization (the process of fulfilling our potential) and self-transcendence (meaning, purpose, & communion beyond self)
rogers: people are basically good & have self-actualizing tendencies; people nurture growth by 3 conditions - genuineness, acceptance & empathy (unconditional positive regard)

Front 45

good to know: humanistic

Back 45

not thinking of evolution; thinking of client's experiences; think of people as intrinsically good; pure acceptance & being present; allow them to work out themselves

Front 46

projective tests

Back 46

aim to provide this "psychological x-ray" by asking people to describe an ambiguous stimulus or tell a story about it; subjective (ex ink blot test, Thematic Apperception Test, TAT)

Front 47

projective vs objective

Back 47

projective would try to tap into the unconscious (residue from early childhood experiences) and objective would ask true/false or agree/disagree questionnaires to tap the conscious surface

Front 48

Rorschach inkblot test

Back 48

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
notes: reveal unconscious; subjective

Front 49

DSM-IV-TR

Back 49

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, with an updated "text revision"; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
notes: used for billing

Front 50

schizophrenia

Back 50

a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 622)
notes: median age of onset is late adolescence or early 20's

Front 51

positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Back 51

positive: extra behavior that is not normal [ex. delusions (beliefs), hallucinations (sensory)]
negative: absence of what is considered normal (ex. flat affect - very blunt emotion; greatly reduced speech; no goal driven behavior

Front 52

dissociative disorders

Back 52

disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. (DID) (Myers Psychology 9e p. 609)
notes: hallmark symptoms include sudden loss of memory or change in identity

Front 53

GAD - generalized anxiety disorder

Back 53

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous
notes: worries about everything; no apparent reason

Front 54

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Back 54

an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.
notes: can be secondary trauma as well; more than 4 weeks after event; characterized by recurring haunting memories and nightmares, a numbed social w/drawl, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia

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phobia

Back 55

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
notes: persistant, irrational fear

Front 56

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Back 56

an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

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antisocial personality disorder

Back 57

a personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

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mood disorders

Back 58

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes. (major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder)
notes: come in 2 major forms - major depressive disorder & biporal disorder

Front 59

symptoms of mania

Back 59

over-talkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep, shows fewer sexual inhibitions

Front 60

hallucinations vs delusions

Back 60

hallucinations are sensory and delusions are beliefs

Front 61

psychotherapy

Back 61

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 638)

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major psychotherapies

Back 62

the major psychotherapies derive from the psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral and cognitive perspectives on psychology
notes: table 15.1 lists: psychodynamic, client-centered, behavior, cognitive & family

Front 63

free association

Back 63

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 554)

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transference

Back 64

in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent). (Myers Psychology 9e p. 639)

Front 65

resistance

Back 65

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material. (Myers Psychology 9e p. 639)

Front 66

client-centered therapy

Back 66

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

Front 67

active listening

Back 67

humanistic therapy, empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Front 68

unconditional positive regard

Back 68

humanistic therapy, a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed to be conducive to developing self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Front 69

exposure therapy

Back 69

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.

Front 70

systematic desensitization

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behavioral therapy, a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

Front 71

cognitive therapies

Back 71

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

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cognitive-behavior therapy

Back 72

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

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placebo [pluh-SEE-bo; Latin for "I shall please"] effect

Back 73

experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.

Front 74

what is the most important factor for a therapist to create in therapy?

Back 74

an empathic, trusting, and caring relationship

Front 75

how does the placebo effect bias clients' appraisals of the effectiveness of psychotherapies?

Back 75

the placebo effect is the healing power of belief in a treatment; patients who expect a treatment to be effective may believe it was

Front 76

eclectic therapy

Back 76

an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

Front 77

fundamental attribution error

Back 77

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Front 78

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

Back 78

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Front 79

bystander effect

Back 79

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

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mere exposure effect

Back 80

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

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group polarization

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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

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ingroup bias

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the tendency to favor our own group.