Psychology 100 Exam 2

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psychoactive drug

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a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

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tolerance

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the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drugs effect

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withdrawal

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the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

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physical dependence

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a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

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psychological dependence

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a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relive negative emotions

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addiction

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compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences

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depressants

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drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

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barbiturates

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drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement

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opiates

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opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroine; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety

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stimulants

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drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body function

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amphetamines

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drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

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methamphetamine

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a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; overtime appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

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ecstacy

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a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin producing neurons and to mood and cognition

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hallucinogens

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psychedelic drugs such as LSD that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input.

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LSD

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a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid

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near-death experience

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an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death; often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

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THC

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the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

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gender

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in psychology, in the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

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developmental psychology

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a branch of psychology that studies physical cognitive and social change throughout the life span

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maturation

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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.

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cognition

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all the mental activities associated with thinking knowing remembering and communicating

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schema

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a concept of framework that organizes and interprets information

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assimilation

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interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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accommodation

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adapting our current understanding which incorporate new information

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sensorimotor stage

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in piaget's theory the stage during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

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object permanence

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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

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preoperational stage

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in Piaget's theory the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

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conservation

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the principle that properties such as mass volume and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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egocentrism

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in piaget's theory, the pre operational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

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theory of mind

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people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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concrete operational stage

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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.

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formal operational stage

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in Piaget's theory the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

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stranger anxiety

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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display beginning by about 8 months of age

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attachment

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an emotional tie with another person shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

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critical period

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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organisms exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development