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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functionalism
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Explains the mental processes in a more systematic and accurate manner
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Descriptive Statistics
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Ex. Graphs, Averages
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Nerves
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Pathway for electrochemical nerve impulses
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Neuron
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Excitable cell in the nervous system that processes and transmits information
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Neurotransmitters
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Endogenous chemicals which relay, amplify, and modulate signals between a neuron and another cell
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Hypnosis
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Hypnosis works by increased suggestion
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Opponent-Process Theory of Color Vision
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Opponent-process theory suggests that color perception is controlled by the activity of two opponent systems; a blue-yellow mechanism and a red-green mechanism.
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Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
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Young and Helmholtz theory. Color vision is comprised of three different receptor cones.
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Place Theory of Pitch Perception
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High frequency sounds selectively vibrate the basilar membrane of the inner ear near the entrance port (the oval window). Lower frequencies travel further along the membrane before causing appreciable excitation of the membrane. The basic pitch determining mechanism is based on the location along the membrane where the hair cells are stimulated.
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Operant Conditioning
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The use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior.
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Classical Conditioning
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The typical procedure for inducing classical conditioning involves presentations of a neutral stimulus along with a stimulus of some significance.
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Auditory Localization
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The naming or pointing to directions from which sounds emanate.
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Depth Perception
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The visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.
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Perceptual Consistencies
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Site, shape, lightness and color
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Biological Rhythms
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The daily rhythms to many of our physiological functions and activities. Our sleep, body temperature, alertness, neurotransmitter levels, etc. Many of these rhythms run on a cycle of about 24 hours.
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REM Sleep
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A normal stage of sleep characterized by the rapid movement of the eyes. REM sleep is classified into two categories: tonic and phasic.
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Dreaming
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Dreams are a succession of images, thoughts, sounds, or emotions passing through the mind during sleep.
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Sleep Deprivation
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A sleep disorder characterized by having too little sleep, can be either chronic or acute.
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Insomnia
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Persistent difficulty falling asleep and/or staying asleep despite the opportunity.
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Sleep Apnea
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A common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.
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Narcolepsy
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Excessive daytime sleepiness in which a person experiences extreme fatigue and possibly falls asleep at inappropriate times, such as while at work or at school.
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Night Terrors
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Extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness.
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Stimulus Generalization
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In classical conditioning, the tendency for the conditioned stimulus to evoke similar responses after the response has been conditioned. For example, if a rat has been conditioned to fear a stuffed white rabbit, it will exhibit fear of objects similar to the conditioned stimulus.
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Positive Reinforcement
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An increase in the future frequency of a behavior due to the addition of a stimulus immediately following a response. Giving (or adding) food to a dog contingent on its sitting is an example of positive reinforcement (if this results in an increase in the future behavior of the dog sitting).
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Negative Reinforcement
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An increase in the future frequency of a behavior when the consequence is the removal of an aversive stimulus. Turning off (or removing) an annoying song when a child asks their parent is an example of negative reinforcement (if this results in an increase in asking behavior of the child in the future).
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Punishment
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The reduction of a behavior via a stimulus which is applied ("positive punishment") or removed ("negative punishment")
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Shaping
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The form of an existing response is gradually changed across successive trials towards a desired target behavior using differential reinforcement.
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Schedules of Reinforcement
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Continuous and Partial
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Conditioned Taste Aversions
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Occurs when a subject associates the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance.
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Chunking
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A strategy for making more efficient use of short-term memory by recoding information. Ex. Repetition
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Sensory Memory
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The ability to retain impressions of sensory information after the original stimulus has ceased.
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Flashbulb Memories
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A memory created in great detail during a personally significant event.
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Rehearsal
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A term for the role of repetition in the retention of memories, e.g., working memory rehearsal tasks.
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Constructive Memory
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Memories that we believe we remember, but never actually happened.
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Reconstructive Memory
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Recall that is hypothesized to work by storing abstract features which are then used to construct the memory during recall
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Amnesia
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A memory condition in which memory is disturbed. Loss of memory
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State Dependent Memory
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Learning that takes place in one situation or "state" is generally better remembered later in a similar situation or state.
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Context Dependent Memory
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The theory that information learned in a particular situation or place is better remembered when in that same situation or place.
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The IQ Test
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Intelligence test: a psychometric test of intelligence; "they used to think that intelligence is what an intelligence test tests"
Made by Alfred Binet |
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Nature-Nurtue Debate over Intelligence
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Intelligence is made up of 50% environment and 50% hereditary
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Homeostasis
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The body's ability to regulate physiologically its inner environment to ensure its stability in response to fluctuations in the outside environment and the weather. Also refers to stress
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Operational Definitions
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Are a demonstration of a process – such as a variable, term, or object – in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to determine its presence and quantity. Ex: Using boiling water to determine 100 degrees C
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Episodic Memory
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The memory of autobiographical events (times, places, associated emotions, and other contextual knowledge) that can be explicitly stated.
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Semantic Memory
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The memory of meanings, understandings, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences. The conscious recollection of factual information and general knowledge about the world,[1] is generally thought to be independent of context and personal relevance.
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Procedural Memory
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The long-term memory of skills and procedures, or "how to" knowledge
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Agonists
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An agonist is a drug that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by the cell. An agonist often mimics the action of a naturally occurring substance.
An agonist produces an action. An antagonist blocks an action of an agonist. |
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The All or None Principle
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The principle that the strength by which a nerve or muscle fiber responds to a stimulus is not dependent on the strength of the stimulus. If the stimulus is any strength above threshold, the nerve or muscle fiber will give a complete response or otherwise no response at all.
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Assimilation
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The blending or fusing of minority groups into the dominant society
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Reversible Thinking
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Piaget's Theory. People can reverse processes in their head to solve questions.
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Eustress
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Stress that is healthy, or gives one a feeling of fulfillment or other positive feelings. Eustress is a process of exploring potential gains.
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Distress
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Occurs when an individual cannot adapt to stress
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Stressors
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Consequence of the failure of an organism – human or animal – to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats, whether actual or imagined.
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Cognitive Development
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Sensory Motor Stage, Pre-Operational Stage, Concrete Operational Stage, Formal Operational Stage.
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Centration
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The tendency to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others.
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