Psychology 100 (10/25/2010): Learning248-264

Front 1

Schedule of Reinforcement

Back 1

Pattern of reinforcing behavior.

Front 2

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Back 2

Pattern in which we provide reinforcemnt following a regular number of responses.

Front 3

Fixed Interval Schedule

Back 3

Pattern in which we provide the reinforcement for producing the response at least once following a specified time interval.

Front 4

Variable Ratio Schedule

Back 4

Pattern in which we provide the reinforcement after a specific number of responses on average, with the number varying randomly.

Front 5

Variable Interval Schedule

Back 5

Pattern in whcih we provide reinforcement for producing the response following an average time interval, with the interval varying randomly.

Front 6

Shaping by Successive Approximations

Back 6

Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target.

Front 7

Premack Principle

Back 7

Principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior.

Front 8

Secondary Reinforcers

Back 8

Neutral objects that people can trade in for reinforcers themselves.

Front 9

Primary Reinforcers

Back 9

Items or outcomes that are naturally pleasurable.

Front 10

Latent Learning

Back 10

Learning that's not directly observable.

Front 11

Cognitive Maps

Back 11

Mental representations of how a physical space is organized.

Front 12

Observational Learning

Back 12

Learning by watching others.

Front 13

Mirror Neurons

Back 13

Cells in the prefrontal cortex that become activated by specific motions when an animal both performs and observes that action.

Front 14

Equipotentiality

Back 14

Assumption that any conditioned stimulus can be associated equally well with any unconditioned stimulus.

Front 15

Preparedness

Back 15

Evolutionary predisposition to learn some pairings of feared stimuli over others owing to their survival value.

Front 16

Instinctive Drift

Back 16

Tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcements.