Psychology 1 Ch. 09

Front 1

A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

Back 1

Learning

Front 2

Learning through reflexively responding to things that happen to us

Back 2

Classical conditioning

Front 3

Learning through consequences of our behavior

Back 3

Operant conditioning

Front 4

learning through observing what others say and do

Back 4

Observational learning

Front 5

The process by which a previously neutral stimulus acquires the capacity to elicit a response through association with a stimulus that already elicits a similar response

AKA: Respondent conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning

Back 5

Classical conditioning

Front 6

There is an association between environmental stimuli and the organism’s responses

Back 6

Associative learning

Front 7

An automatic stimulus-response connection
-Inborn

Example: Salivation

Back 7

Reflex

Front 8

The reflexive response to a stimulus in the absence of learning

Back 8

Unconditioned response (UR)

Front 9

Elicits a response in the absence of learning

Back 9

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

Front 10

Through ________________ a neutral stimulus is then regularly paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Back 10

classical conditioning

Front 11

An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Back 11

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Front 12

A response that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
Occurs after the CS has been associated with the US
Is usually similar to the US

Back 12

Conditioned response (CR)

Front 13

The weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response; in classical conditioning, it occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Back 13

Extinction

Front 14

the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response

Back 14

Spontaneous recovery

Front 15

In classical conditioning, occurs when a new stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response

Back 15

Stimulus Generalization

Front 16

The tendency to respond differently to two or more similar stimuli; occurs when a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke a conditioned response

Back 16

Stimulus discrimination

Front 17

An intense irrational fear; classically conditioned

Back 17

phobia

Front 18

“Little Albert” was conditioned to be afraid of white rats by pairing the neutral stimulus (rats) with an unconditioned stimulus (loud noise).
Within days, Albert was afraid of rats, and his fear generalized to other furry objects.
Research conducted by:

Back 18

Watson and Raynor in 1920

Front 19

The process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits an incompatible response.

Back 19

Counter conditioning (AKA: systematic desensitization)

Front 20

Classically conditioned health problems that are successfully treated with biofeedback therapy include:

Back 20

Asthma
Headaches
High blood pressure
Ulcers

Front 21

The process by which a response becomes more or less likely to occur depending on its consequences

Back 21

Operant conditioning

Front 22

A ___________________ neither increases nor decreases the probability that the response will recur.

Back 22

Neutral consequence

Front 23

___________ strengthens the response or makes it more likely to recur

Back 23

Reinforcement

Front 24

__________ weakens a response or makes it less likely to recur

Back 24

Punishment

Front 25

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows.

Back 25

Reinforcement

Front 26

____________ are inherently reinforcing and typically satisfy a physiological need.

Back 26

Primary reinforcers

Front 27

_____________ are stimuli that have acquired reinforcing properties through associations with other reinforcers.

Back 27

Secondary reinforcers

Front 28

___________ said that behaviors followed by good outcomes are strengthened, and behaviors followed by bad outcomes are weakened;
Puzzle box

Back 28

Thorndike

Front 29

When a pleasant consequence follows a response, making the response more likely to recur.

Back 29

Positive reinforcement

Front 30

Teaching complex behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations of a desired response

Back 30

Shaping

Front 31

When an unpleasant consequence is removed following a response, making the response more likely to recur.

Back 31

Negative reinforcement

Front 32

The process by which a stimulus weakens or reduces the probability of the response that it follows

Back 32

Punishment

Front 33

____________ are inherently punishing.

Back 33

Primary punishers

Front 34

______________ are stimuli that have acquired punishing properties through associations with other punishers.

Back 34

Secondary punishers

Front 35

When an unpleasant consequence follows a response, making the response less likely to recur.

Back 35

Positive punishment

Front 36

When a pleasant consequence is removed following a response, making the response less likely to recur.

Back 36

Negative punishment

Front 37

The application of operant conditioning techniques
-to teach new responses
-to reduce or eliminate
maladaptive or problematic
behavior

Also called applied behavior analysis

Back 37

Behavior modification

Front 38

Learning new responses by observing the behavior of another rather than through direct experience.

Back 38

Observational learning (Modeling)