Psychology 1 Ch. 06

Front 1

The detection of PHYSICAL ENERGY emitted or reflected by physical objects; it occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the SENSE ORGANS.

Back 1

sensation

Front 2

Specialized cells that convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain.

Back 2

sense receptors

Front 3

The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information.

Back 3

perception

Front 4

The study of the relationship between the physical characteristics of stimuli (such as their intensity) and our psychological experience of them.

Back 4

Psychophysics

Front 5

The smallest quantity of physical energy that can be reliably detected by an observer. (reliable = 50% of the time)

Back 5

absolute thresholds

Front 6

A term given to competing and irrelevant stimuli.

Back 6

Noise

Front 7

The reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious.

Back 7

sensory adaptation

Front 8

The absence of normal levels of sensory stimulation.

Back 8

sensory deprivation

Front 9

The focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others. "The cocktail party effect."

Back 9

selective attention

Front 10

1. A failure of selective attention
2. A difficulty with ignoring or blocking out very familiar stimuli.
Demonstrates...

Back 10

The Stroop effect

Front 11

The physical energy needed to see.

Back 11

Light waves

Front 12

Part that protects eye and bend light toward lens.

Back 12

cornea

Front 13

Part of eye that focuses on objects by changing shape (accommodation).

Back 13

lens

Front 14

Part that controls amount of light that gets into eye.

Back 14

iris

Front 15

Aperture through which light reaches the retina.

Back 15

pupil

Front 16

Neural tissue lining the back of the eyeball's interior containing the receptors for vision.

Back 16

Retina

Front 17

Visual receptors that respond to dim light.

Back 17

Rods

Front 18

Visual receptors involved in color vision.

Back 18

Cones

Front 19

The _________carries neural impulses from the eye to the visual areas of the brain.

Back 19

optic nerve

Front 20

The physical energy needed to hear.

Back 20

sound waves

Front 21

Outer ear consists of?

Back 21

pinna and external auditory canal

Front 22

The middle ear consists of?

Back 22

The eardrum and middle ear bones

Front 23

the inner ear consists of?

Back 23

The cochlea

Front 24

The _________ carries neural impulses from the ear to the brain's auditory areas.

Back 24

auditory nerve

Front 25

The basic skin senses include...

Back 25

touch or pressure, temperature, and pain.

Front 26

Theory that the experience of pain depends in part on whether the pain gets past a neurological “gate” in the spinal cord.

Back 26

gate-control theory

Front 27

The matrix of neurons in the brain is capable of generating pain (and other sensations) in the absence of signals from sensory nerves.

Back 27

gate-control theory revised

Front 28

Neural processing of touch, temperature, pain information occurs...

Back 28

..in the somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobes.

Front 29

The detection of chemicals that have been dissolved in saliva.
Each papilla contains about 10 taste buds.
Each taste bud contains up to 50 receptors.

Back 29

taste

Front 30

Salty, sour, bitter, sweet, umami are...

Back 30

..the five basic tastes.

Front 31

Different people have different tastes based on:

Back 31

Genetics
Culture
Learning
Food attractiveness

Front 32

Information from the taste receptors is carried by cranial nerves to..

Back 32

..the parietal lobes.

Front 33

The sense of body position and movement of body parts.

Back 33

Kinesthesis

Front 34

The sense of balance.

Back 34

Equilibrium

Front 35

Sense organs in the inner ear, which contribute to equilibrium by responding to rotation of the head.

Back 35

Semicircular canals

Front 36

Neural processing occurs in..

Back 36

the frontal and parietal lobes.

Front 37

__________ allows us to differentiate objects we see
Gestalt=organize

Back 37

Form perception.

Front 38

This allows us to differentiate objects we see.

Back 38

Form perception

Front 39

Gestalt=

Back 39

organized whole

Front 40

Principles that describe the brain’s organization of sensory building blocks into meaningful units and patterns

Back 40

Gestalt principles

Front 41

The Gestalt principle by which we organize perceptual fields into forms that stand out and those that are left over.

Back 41

Figure-ground

Front 42

Gestalt principle that states that things close to one another are grouped together.

Back 42

Proximity

Front 43

Gestalt principle that states that the brain tends to fill in gaps to perceive complete forms.

Back 43

closure

Front 44

Gestalt principle that states that things that are alike are perceived together.

Back 44

similarity

Front 45

Allows us to judge distance...

Back 45

Depth perception

Front 46

Visual cues that require the use of both eyes

Back 46

Binocular cues

Front 47

The slight difference in what the right and left eyes see.

Back 47

Retinal disparity

Front 48

Visual cues that can be used by
one eye

Sometimes called pictorial cues

Back 48

Monocular cues

Front 49

When viewing 2 objects that are similar in size, the smaller image will be perceived as being farther away

Back 49

Relative size

Front 50

Parallel lines that converge indicate depth.

Back 50

Linear perspective

Front 51

An object partially covering another object is perceived as closer.

Back 51

Overlap (interposition)

Front 52

The accurate perception of objects as stable or unchanged despite changes in the sensory patterns they produce

Back 52

Perceptual constancy

Front 53

Perceptual constancies

Back 53

Shape constancy
Location constancy
Size constancy
Brightness constancy
Color constancy

Front 54

These occur when two objects produce the same retinal image but are perceived as different images.

Back 54

Visual illusions

Front 55

What are the four Psychological and Cultural influences of perception?

Back 55

1. We are more likely to perceive
something when we need it.

2. What we believe can affect what
we perceive.

3. Emotions, such as fear, can
influence perceptions of
sensory information.

4. Expectations based on previous
experiences can influence
perception.

All are influenced by culture.