Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Name a few humanist psychologists, and what was their opinion of Freud and Skinner? |
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow They believe in free will, unlike Freud and Skinner |
|
|
Who was William Wundt? |
German psychologist who founded structuralism. Founded the first exclusive psychology lab in 1879. |
|
|
5 steps to a scientific experiment |
Hypothesis Design the experiment/study Collect data Analyze data Send data to get published (scientific journal) |
|
|
What is an independent and dependent variable? |
dependent- measured results or outcomes in an experiment. Independent- the variable that is not changed |
|
|
What is an extraneous variable? |
variables that influence the outcome of an experiment |
|
|
Definition of neuroplasticity |
The brain's ability to recognize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life. Allows neurons in the brain to compensate for injury and disease. |
|
|
Ways to create new neurons |
New Learning Meditating |
|
|
Definitions of sampling bias |
A bias in which a sample is collected in such a way that some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others. |
|
|
What is a placebo? |
A fake treatment in which individuals think is real |
|
|
What is an experimental bias? |
Example: The Lochness monster |
|
|
Difference between positive and negative plasticity |
Examples: negative- a bad habit, PTSD, Chronic pain, phantom pain. positive- breaking a bad habit, counteracting negative thoughts with positive ones |
|
|
Definition of ethics and an example of an ethical dillema |
Ethics- personal, moral code Example: subjecting humans (on an experimental level) to a disease only contracted by humans in order to find a cure for others |
|
|
What is a theory? |
A set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events |
|
|
Psychology |
The science that studies behavior and mental processes |
|
|
What is a neuron? |
A specialized cell of the nervous system that receives and transmits messages |
|
|
Definition of synapses |
The junction between the axon terminals of one neuron and the dendrites of another |
|
|
Definition of a neurotransmitter and examples/function |
Neurotransmitter- Chemicals that transmit neural impulses from one neuron to another. Examples: dopamine: pleasure, voluntary movements, learning and memory. Serotonin: emotional arousal and sleep |
|
|
Different types of brain scans |
(EEG) electroencephalograph- measuring brain waves with electrodes placed on the scalp (CAT/CT) Computerized axial tomography- passes a narrow X-Ray beam through the head at different angles to create a 3D image (MRI)Magnetic resonance imaging- uses radio waves to reveal shifts in blood flow (fMRI) Functional MRI- "while it works", brain scans by taking repeated scans |
|
|
Definition of heredity and genetics |
Genetics- the sub-field of biology that studies heredity Heredity- the transmission of traits from parent to offspring by means of genes |
|
|
Twin studies and adoption studies |
Twin studies compare the presence of traits and behavior patters in MZ twins, DZ twins, and other people to help determine the ole of genetic factors in their occurrence. Adoption studies compare similarities between the children's adoptive and natural parents |
|
|
Sleep disorders and definitions |
Insomnia- the inability to fall and stay asleep narcolepsy- falling asleep suddenly apnea- when one stops breathing terrors- more severe than nightmares. Usually occurs during REM sleep |
|
|
Who was Ivan Pavloe? |
He did the classical conditioning experiment with dogs, beef powder, and a bell 35 Dogs! |
|
|
Flooding |
When a client is suddenly exposed to the fear-evoking stimulus until the fear is extinguished |
|
|
Who was Stanley Milgram? |
Yale psychologist who performed the shock experiments. The obedience experiment. |
|
|
Who was B.F. Skinner? |
Doesn't believe in free will. Believes you are controlled by your own environment |
|
|
Who is John Watson? |
Founder of the school of behaviorism |
|
|
Definition of consciousness |
Sensory awareness of the environment |
|
|
Who is Little Albert? |
Classical conditioning experiment was done on him. Then was used in counter-conditioning experiment |
|
|
Classical Conditioning |
based on the assumption that learning is developed through the interactions with the environment. Ex: Little Albert/rats/clanging Dogs/beef powder/bell |
|
|
Operate Conditioning |
Learning what does to what. An organism learns to engage in a certain behavior because of the effects. Ex: Little Albert avoiding rats after the fear was established |
|
|
What was the humanist revolt? |
Psychologists who disagreed with other psychological theories. Believes we have free will and control over our choices |
|
|
What is the difference between psychoanalysis and behaviorism? |
Behaviorism- focuses on learning observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses Psychoanalysis- emphasizes the importance of the unconscious mind. |
|
|
Difference between structuralism and functionalism |
Structuralism- believes that the mind functions by combining objective and subjective elements of experience Functionalism- focuses on behavior as well as the mind or consciousness Ex: experiences help us function in life |
|
|
Who was William James? |
Founder of functionalism and wrote the first modern psychology textbook in 1890 |
|
|
What is the significance of 1879? |
William Wundt founded the first psychology lab in 1879 |
|
|
Who was Anna O? |
Over 2000 hours spent with Josef Breuer for anxiety. Freud used his notes to develop psychoanalysis |
|
|
Why is it important to be a critical thinker? |
Critical thinking is a life tool and a pathway toward scientific knowledge |
|
|
Why did women have a hard time becoming psychologists? |
Because of the view of women vs. men in the 1800's - early 1900s |
|
|
Definition of sensation and perception |
Sensation- stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system Perception- NOT mechanical. ACTIVE process where sensations are organized and interpreted. |
|
|
Circadian Rhythms |
Your "internal time clock". A cycle that is connected with the 24 hour period of the earth's rotation |
|
|
REM sleep |
Linked to dreaming The last stage of sleep |
|
|
Stages of sleep |
4 stages of NREM sleep 1 stage of REM sleep the 5 stages are a cycle of about 90-110 minutes repeating throughout the night |
