Psychology 1

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What is Psychology

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The Scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

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Critical Thinking

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the process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information.

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Psychics, Mediums, Palmistry, Psychometry, Psychokinesis, Astrology

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All examples of Pseudopsychologies- pop culture psychologies based off of no fact.

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Goals of Psychology

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Describe, Explain, Predict, and Change behavior and mental processes.

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Biopsychology/neuroscience

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Investigates the relationship between biology, behavior, and mental processes. includes how physical and chemical processes affect the brain

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Wilhelm Wundt

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Credited with the birth of psychology. Established the first laboratory in 1879 in Liepzig, Germany.

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Structuralism

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Edward Titchner, Wilhelm Wundt.

Established in Cornell university. Dealt with the "structure" of mental life, they believe "elements" of conscious experience combined to form the "compounds" of the mind.

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Failures of Structuralism

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Introspective disagreement, could not be used to study nonhuman animals and children, or mental disorders. ((Very limited scope))

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Functionalism

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Instead of reporting on anger ((structuralism)), these people asked "Why do we get angry?"

Key Functionalist- William James.

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Impacts on Functionalism

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Darwin. Darwin. Darwin.

"Natural Selection"

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Functionalism's Impact

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Expanded the scope of psychology to include research on emotions, observable behaviors, and initiated psychological testing

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Psychoanalytic perspective

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Key man: Sigmund Freud

Believed most conflicts were of a sexual or aggressive nature. "Iceberg" principle.

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Unconscious

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Psychoanalytic term, the part of our mind outside our awareness. Our driving force was considered hidden in here.

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Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

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A nonscientific approach

Emphasis on sexual and aggressive impulses

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Neo-freudians

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Examples: Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson

Psychologists who broke off from Psychoanalysis to try a less sexual approach to things.

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John B. Watson

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Founded the school of Behaviorism.

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Behaviorism

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Emphasizes objective, observable environmental influences on overt behavior.

usually involving stimuli and responses.

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B.F. Skinner

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Another Behaviorist. Convinced we could use it to shape human behavior.

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Humanist perspective

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Convinced that man was born good. Stressed free will and rejected psychoanalysis

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Carl Rogers

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Humanist.

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Abraham Maslow

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Humanist

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Cognitive Perspective

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emphasis on thought, perception & information processing.

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Modern Cognitive perspective

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study how we gather, encode, and store information.

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information processing

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says that we gather information from the environment and then process it in a series of stages.

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Evolutionary Psychology

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Focuses on natural selection, adaptation, and evolution of behavior and mental processes.

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Mary Calkins

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first woman president of the American Psychological Association.

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Kenneth Clark

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First african american president of the APA

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Neuron

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Cell of the nervous system that communicate electrochemical information throughout the brain.

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glial cells

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surround neurons, perform cleanup tasks, and insulate one neuron from another.

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Dendrites

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antennas of the neuron that receive electrochemical information

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Cell Body/Soma

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Accepts incoming neurotransmitters, then passes them on to the Axon

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Axon

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Carries information away from the cell body.

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Myelin Sheath

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coating around the axons of some neurons. helps insulate and speed neural impulses

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Action Potential/neural impulse

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Messages are passed along the axon in this form

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all-or-none law

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States that the action potential either fires completely or not at all

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Refractory period

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After firing, neurons enter this state where they cannot fire for a while

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Neural Impulse speed

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97% of the speed of light.

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nodes

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Points at which the myelin is very thin or absent

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Synapse

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The gap between neurons.

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Neurotransmitters

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Chemicals fired off from an axon's end to dendrites on another neuron.

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Serotonin

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Neurotransmitter, affects mood, sleep, appetite, sensory perception, temperature regulation, pain suppression, and impulsivity.

Associated with depression

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Acetylcholine (ACh)

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Neurotransmitter

Associated with: Muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory, REM, emotion. Suspected in Alzheimers.

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Dopamine

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Neurotransmitter

Associated With: Movement, attention, memory, learning, and emotion.
Excess DA associated with Schizophrenia
too little with Parkinsons.

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Norepinephrine (NE)

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Neurotransmitter

Associated with: Learning, memory, dreaming, emotion, waking from sleep, eating, alertness, wakefulness, reactions to stress.

Low levels results in depression, high levels results in agitated, manic states.

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Epinephrine (adrenaline)

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Neurotransmitter

Associated with emotional arousal, memory storage, and of glucose

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GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid)

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Neural inhibition in the central nervous system.

decreases anxiety.

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Endorphins

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Neurotransmitter

Associated with: Mood, pain, memory, learning.

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Endocrine System

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Uses hormones to carry it's messages. Much like the way neurons do.

Part of the nervous system.

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Hypothalmus

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releases hormones that signal the pituitary.

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Gigantism

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Results from too much hormone growth

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Dwarfism

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Results from too little hormonal growth

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Central Nervous System

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Consists of the brain and spinal cord.

Responsible for processing and organizing information

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Peripheral Nervous System

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All of the nerves outside of the skull and spine. Carries messages between the central nervous system and the periphery of the body

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Reflexes

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Automatic behaviors of the spinal cord. responses to the incoming stimuli

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somatic nervous system

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Consists of all the nerves that connect to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles

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sensory neurons

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carry messages from the sensory organs to the CNS. Part of the somatic nervous system.

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Motor Neurons

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Carry messages out from the CNS

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Automatic Nervous System

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Responsible for involuntary tasks. Operates independently

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Sympathetic nervous system

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Readies the body for a "fight or flight" situation

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Parasympathetic nervous system

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calms the body and conserves energy- relaxation

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Brain Stem

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Carries the hindbrain, forebrain, and midbrain as well as regulating reflexive activities important to survival (breathing)

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hindbrain

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Contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

regulates automatic behaviors and survival responses

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medulla

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Part of the hindbrain, Forms the brainstem.

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pons

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involved with respiration, movement, waking, sleep, and dreaming

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thalamus

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realys sensory messages to cortex

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corpus callosum

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connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

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cerebral cortex

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thin outer layer responsible for most complex behaviors and higher mental processes

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amygdala

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controls aggression and fear.

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Hypothalamus

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Responsible for regulating emotions and drives

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Midbrain

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helps coordinate movement patterns, sleep, and arousal

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Reticular Formation

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Helps screen incoming sensory information and controls arousal

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Phineas Gage

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Miner dude who lost a good chunk of his forebrain. Personality with that.

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Frontal Lobe

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Receives and coordinates messages from other lobes;

motor control, speech production, and higher functions.

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Broca's Area

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Part of the frontal lobe, controls speech production.

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Temporal Lobe

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hearing, language, comprehension, memory, and some emotional control

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Parietal lobe

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receives information about pressure, pain, touch, and temperature.

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occipital lobe

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vision and visual perception

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natural selection

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occurs when one particular genetic trait gives a person a reproductive advantage over others.

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Stress

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nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it

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eustress

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beneficial stress

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distress

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stress related to chronic illness

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hassles

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little problems of daily living

"the straw that broke the camel's back"

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HPA Axis

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Stress response team

consists of Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, and Adrenal cortex.

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psychoneuroimmunology

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the study of physiological factors and their effect on infectious diseases.

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general adaptation syndrome

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three phases of the reaction.

alarm reaction, resistance phase, then exhaustion phase

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type a personality

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on edge, time urgent, impatient, preoccupied

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type b personality

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laid back, calm, relaxed.