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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Localization of Function

- the idea that various brain regions have particular functions

Biological Perspective

- concerned with links between biology and behavior


- psychologists working in neuroscience, behavior genetics, and evolutionary psychology

Neurons

- a nerve cell


- basic building block of the nervous system


- consist of: cell body, dendrites, axon

Dendrite

- a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Axon

- the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands


- selectively permeable

Myelin Sheath

- a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons


- enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one node to the next

Action Potential

- a neural impulse


- a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

Threshold

- the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Dendrites --> Axon --> Terminal Branches

Synapse

- the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron


- tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap/cleft

Neurotransmitter

- chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neuron


- when released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron --> generates neural impulse



Reuptake

- the neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron

Acetylcholine (ACh)

- enables muscle actions, learning, and memory


- Disease: Alzheimer's disease (deteriorating neurons)

Dopamine

- influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion


- oversupply linked to schizophernia


- undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinsons isease

Serotonin

- affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal


- undersupply -> depression



Norepinephrine

- helps control alertness and arousal


- Undersupply --> depress mood

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

- a major inhibitory neurotransmitter


- undersupply--> seizures, tremors, and insomnia

Glutamate

- a major excitatory neurotransmitter


- involved with memory


- Oversupply --> overstimlate brain --> migraines/seizures


- inside MSG

Endorphins

- "morphine within"


- natural, opiate-like neurotransmitter linked to pain control and to pleasure

Antagonists

- bind to receptors and block a neurotramistter's functioning Botulin

Nervous System

- the body's speedy, electochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

Central Nervous System (CNS)

- the brain and the spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

- the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body


- 2 parts: Autonomic + Somatic

Nerves

- electrical cables formed of bundles of axons that connect the CNS with muscles, glands, and sense organs

Sensory Neurons

- neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Motor Neurons

- neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Interneurons

- neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Somatic Nervous System

- the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body' s skeletal muscles


- skeletal nervous system

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

- the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs


- its sympathetic division arouses (stress)


- parasympathetic division calms (at rest)

Sympathetic Nervous System

- the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations

Parasympathetic Nervous System

- the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body (conserves energy)

Reflex

- a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimuluts

Endocrine System

- the body's "slow" chemical communication system


- a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

Hormones

- chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissue

Adrenal Glands

- a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress

Pituitary Gland

- the endocrine system's most influential gland


- under influence of hypothalamus --> regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands

Why are psychologist concerned with human biology?

- creates a system and explaination on how some actions occur

What are neurons and how do they transmit information?

- basic cells of the brain and nervous system; electrical pulses

How do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells?

- electrical impulses sent through the dendrite, axon and outer branches then synapses between other nerve cells

How do neurotransmitters influence behavior and how do drugs and other chemical affect neurotransmitters?

- control certain reactions and emotions


- drugs are drugs ( too lazy to answer this)

What are the functions of the nervous system's main divisions, and what are the three main types of neurons?

- CNS ( brain and spine) and PNS ( connects CNS to the rest of the body --> relfex reactions)


- motor neurons, interneurons, sensory neurons

How does the endocrine system transmit information and interact with the nervous system?

- the endocrine system secretes hormones that affect other tissues, which produces molecules that act of receptors