Psychology

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Memory

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Processing storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning

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Encoding

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The process of converting information into a usable form so that it can be represented and stored in memory

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Storage

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The retention of information in memory over time

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Retrieval

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The process of locating and recovering the stored information from memory so that we are consciously aware of it

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Models of human memory

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Atkinson and shifferin's multi store model

Baddeley and hitch's model of working memory

Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing framework

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AS, BH, CL.

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Atkinson and shiffrin's multi store model of memory

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Represents memory as three separate components called the sensory register, the short term store and the long term store

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Serial position effect

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Finding that free recall is better for items at the end and beginning of the list than for items in the middle of the list

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Chunking

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Is the grouping of separate bits of information into a larger single unit, or chunk of information.

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Baddeley and hitch's model of working memory

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The structure and function of working memory in terms of four components called the phonological loop, visuo-spatual sketchpad, episodic buffer and central executive

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Phonological loop

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Temporarily stores a limited amount of verbal speech-like information for a brief time.

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Visuo-spatial sketchpad

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Temporarily stores a limited amount of visual and spatial information for a brief time.

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The central executive

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Controls attention, integrates information from the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad, as well as information retrieved from LTM

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The episodic buffer

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A sub-system of working memory that enables the different components of working memory memory to interact with LTM

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Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing framework

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Processes that the level, or 'depth'at which we process information during learning determines how well it is stored in LTM

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Long term memory

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The memory system that stores vast amounts of information for a very long time,.possibly permanently

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Declarative memory

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Facts and events.. knowing what

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Procedural memory

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Actions and skills... Knowing how

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Semantic memory

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Facts

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Episodic memory

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Events

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Semantic network theory

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Information in LTM is organised systematically in the form of overlapping networks of forgetting that are interconnected and interrelated by meaningful links.

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Spreading activation

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Activating one node during retrieval from a semantic network increases the likelihood that associated nodes become activated

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Consolidation theory

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Structural changes occur in the brain when something new is being learned, and immediately after learning.

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Reconsolidation

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after a memory is activated and retrieved from LTM, it needs to be consolidated again in order to be stored back in LTM

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Brain trauma

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An umbrella term that refers to ang brain damage that impairs, or interferes with, the normal functioning of the brain, either temporarily or permanently.

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Neurodegenerative disease

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A disorder charactised by the progressive decline in the structure, activity or function of brain tissue.

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Amnesia

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The loss of memory, either partial or complete, tempory or permanent.

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Anterograde amnesia

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Can't make new memories

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Korsakoffs syndrome

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A Neurodegenerative disease involving severe memory disorders associated with brain damage

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Confabulation

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Filling in gabs in memory with plausible but untrue stories rather than admitting memory loss.

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Retrograde amnesia

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Can't remember either some or all LTM but can encode new memories

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Dementia

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An umbrella term used to describe a variety of symptoms of a large group of Neurodegenerative diseases and other disorders that cause a progressive decline in mental functioning, behaviour and the ability to preform everyday tasks

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Alzheimers disease

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A type of disease charactised by the gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons, causing memory loss, a decline in cognitive and social skills and personality changes.

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The forgetting curve

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The pattern of forgetting that occurs over time.

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Ebbinghaus

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First person to scientifically study the forgetting curve

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Retrieval cue

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Any stimulus that assists the process of locating and recovering information stored in memory

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Retrieval failure theory

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Sometimes forget because we lack of fail to use the right cues to retrieve information stored in LTM

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TOTT

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A state or feeling that occurs when you are aware of knowing something, and are confident you will eventually remember it, but you are unable to retrieve it.

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Retroactive interference

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When new information interferes with the ability to remember old information

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Proactive interference

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When old information interferes with the ability to learn new information

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Motivated forgetting

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Forgetting that arises from a strong motive of desire to forget.

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Repression

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Unconsciously blocking a memory of an event or experience from entering the conscious awareness

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Supression

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Being motivated forget an event or experience by making a deliberate conscious effort to keep it out of consciousness awareness

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Decay theory

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Occurs because the neural Representation of a memory fades through disuse as time passes

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Narrative chaining

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Linking otherwise unrelated items to one another, to form a meaningful sequence of story