Psychology

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Empiricism

Back 1

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume.

Front 2

Structuralism

Back 2

psychology concerned especially with resolution of the mindinto structural elements

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Functionalism

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psychology concerned especially with how the mind functions toadapt the individual to the environment

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Behaviorism

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takes the objective evidence ofbehavior (as measured responses to stimuli) as the only concernof its research and the only basis of its theory without referenceto conscious experience

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Humanistic Psychology

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: a system of values and beliefs that is based on the idea thatpeople are basically good and that problems can be solvedusing reason instead of religion

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Cognitive Neuroscience

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relating or involving conscious mental activities (such as thinking, understanding, learning, and remembering) of nerves and especially of how nerves affect learning and behavior

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Psychology

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the science or study of the mind and behavior

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Nature-nurture

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The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological taos and behaviors.

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Biopsychosocial Approach

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An integrated approach that incorporates biological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

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Biological Psychology

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A branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior.

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Evolutionary Psychology

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The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using principles of natural selection

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Psychodynamic Psychology

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A branch of psychology the studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influences behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.

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Behavioral Psychology

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The study of observable behavior, and is explanation by principles of learning.

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Cognitive Psychology

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The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

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Social-cultural Psychology

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The study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.

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Psychometrics

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The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes,and traits.

Front 17

Developmental Psychology

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A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

Front 18

Educational Psychology

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The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.

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Social Psychology

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The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Front 20

Industrial-organizational Psychology

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The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.

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Clinical Psychology

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Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

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Psychiatry

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A branch of medicine dealing with physiological disorders.

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Critical Thinking

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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conditions.

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Theory

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An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.

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Hypothesis

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A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

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Case Study

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An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles.

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Survey

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A technique for ascertaining the self-reporting attitudes or behaviors of particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.

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Operational Definition

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A statement of the procedures used to define research variables.

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Population

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All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.

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Random Sample

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A sample that fairly represents a population because each member had an equal chance of inclusion.

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Naturalistic Observation

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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

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Correlation

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A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well epithet factor predicts the other.

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Correlation coefficient

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A statistical index of the relationship between two things.

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Scatter

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A gr a graphed cluster of dots.

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Illusory Correlation

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The perception of a relationship where none exist.

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Experiment

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A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors.

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Double-blind Procedure

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An experimental procedure in which both research participants and the research staff are blind about whether the research participants are receiving treatment or a placebo.

Front 38

Placebo

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Experimental results caused by expectations alone.

Hint 38

Sugar pills

Front 39

Experimental Group

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In an experiment, it is the group exposed to the treatment.

Front 40

Control Group

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In an experiment it is the group that is not exposed to the treatment.

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Independent variable

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The experimental element that is manipulated or the variable that is being studied.

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Dependant variable

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The outcome factor; the variable factor that may change in response to changing the independent variable.

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Mean

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Average

Hint 43

Average

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Median

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The middle score of the distribution

Front 45

Mode

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The most frequent number

Hint 45

The most repeating number

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Range

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The firm's between the highest and lowest scores in a set of numbers.

Front 47

Standard Deviation

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A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

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Normal Curve

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Bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

Hint 48

Most score fall near the man

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Statistical Significance

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A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.