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184 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the 9 conditions of being mentally healthy?
1. Possesses knowledge of himself
2. Meets basic needs
3. Assumes responsibility for his behavior
4. Learned to integrate thoughts, feelings, and actions
5. Resolve conflicts successfully
6. Maintains relationships.
7. Communicates directly with others
8. Respects others
9. Adapts to change in his environment
What 4 things can occur that constitutes a mental illness?
1. Not able to view self clearly
2. Has a distorted view of self
3. Unable to maintain satisfying personal relationships
4. Unable to adapt to environments
What are the 13 possible signs of mental illness?
1. Personality change
2. Confused thinking: strange or grandiose ideas
3. Prolonged severe depression, apathy, or extreme highs and lows
4. excessive anxiety, fear, suspiciousness, blaming others
5. Withdrawal from society: friendlessness, abnormal self-centeredness
6. Denial of obvious problems: strong resistance to help
7. Numerous, unexplained physical ailments
8. Changes in eating or sleeping patterns
9. Thinking or talking about suicide
10. Anger or hostility out of proportion to the situation
11. Delusions, hallucinations
12. Abuse of ETOH or drugs
13. Growing inability to cope with problems and daily activities such as school, work, or personal needs
How does the APA define a mental disorder?
"Clinically significant behavior or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual and is associated with persent distress or disabillity or with a significantly increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or an important loss of freedom"
Define distress.
Negative response to stimuli that are perceived as threatening
Define Depression.
State wherein an individual experiences a profound sadness.
Define Disability.
Impairment in one or more important areas of functioning.
Define Hallucination.
Sensory eperiences not perceptible to other nonpsychotic individuals.
Define Mania.
Mood disorder charcterized by an elevated expansive, or rritable mood.
Define Mental Disorder.
Behavior or psychological syndrome or pattern associated with distress or disability or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or loss of freedom.
Define Mental Health.
State in which a person has knowledge of self, meets basic needs, assumes responsibility for behavior and self-growth, integrates thoughts and feelings with actions, resolves conflicts, maintains relationships, respects others, communicates directly, and adapts to change int e environment.
Define Mental Illness.
State in which an individual shows deficits in functioning, cannot view self clearly or has a distorted image of self, is unable to maintain personal realtionships, and cannot adapt to the environment.
Define Psychosis.
State in which an individual has lost the ability to recognize reality.
What 4 reasons cause patients seek treatment?
1. They are uncomfortable or in pain.
2. Feel they need help.
3. Family or friends tell them to seek help.
4. Because they have lost touch with reality and are unable to make judgements.
MCC of hematemesis?
1. duodenal ulcer
2. gastric ulcer
3. esophageal varices
What are the 4 roles of an Advanced practice psychiatric nurse?
1. MSN with psych specialty.
2. Psychotherapy
3. Prescribs meds (in most states).
4. Manages and Coordinates client care.
What are the 6 roles of a Psychiatrist?
1. MD.
2. Has completed residency program in psychiatry.
3. Manages patient care.
4. Admits patients to hospital.
5. Prescribes psychotropic medications.
6. Provides in-depth psychotherapy.
What are the 5 roles of a Psychologist/clinical psychologist?
1. PhD in psychology.
2. Internship in clinical work.
3. Manages care.
4. Provides individual or group therapy.
5. Skilled in behavioral assessment and interventions.
What are the 3 roles of a Psychiatric social worker?
1. MSW.
2. Background in psychiatric care.
3. Provides care that integrates hospital and community services, skilled in individual and group work.
What are the 2 roles of a Activity therapist/recreational therapist?
1. Bach. degree in recreational therapy.
2. Provides recreation, diversional activity aimed at increassing socialization and activity.
What are the 2 roles of a Occupational therapist?
1. Bach degree in occ therapy.
2. Provides vocational counseling and activities designed to prepare clients for job-related skills.
What are the 4 roles of a Certified addictions counselor?
1. Certification exam in addictions-related work.
2. Provides counseling.
3. Facilitates group work.
4. Gives support to persons with chemical dependency.
What is the role of a Psychiatric Aide?
1. Provides supervision of clients on inpatient and outpatient unites under RN supervision.
What are the 2 roles of a Student nurse in the psych setting?
1. Be in school for RN.
2. Provides care to selected and assigned clients.
What is the major goal of the psych nurse?
to establish contact and treat the individual with understanding and compassion no matter how bizarre a client's behavior is.
What have studies shown about patient violence in psych units?
Violence is not significantly different from that of the general population.
What are the 3 tools of psych nursing?
1. Listening.
2. Watching.
3. Being present.
What are the 4 suggestions in conversing with a psychotic client?
1. Introduce yourself to the client.
2. Talk to them as you would anyone else.
3. Keep conversations concrete.
4. Help the client stay in touch with reality by focusing on the immediate environment.
Define Asylum.
Large public hospital of the eighteenth centruy that provied for treatment of the insane.
Define Brown Report.
A 1948 report authored by Esther Lucille Brown on the future of nursing. This report advised that psychiatric hospitals be used as agencies for affiliation in teaching of nurses.
Define National Mental Health Act.
Provided federal funds for research and education in all areas of psychiatric care. Act was passed in 1946. Established NIMH.
Define Psychiatric Mental Health Advanced Practice Registered Nurse.
A licensed nurse educationally certified at the masters or doctoral level and nationally certified as a clinical specialist in psychiatric and mental health nursing.
Define Mental Health Nurse.
A licensed nurse who has passed a certification exam and is thereby certified within a specialty.
What where the 3 things that "caused" mental illness during early civilizations?
1. Possessed by demons.
2. Breaking some taboo to the notion that the affected person had had some harmful substance enter his body.
3. Issues of humors.
What are the 4 humors?
1. Blood.
2. Black bile.
3. Yellow bile.
4. Phlegm.
What did Hipporcates believe about black bile?
An excess caused melancholy and that bloodletting could remove the excess.
Define melancholy.
Mental or emotional syptoms of depression or despondency.
How was mental illness viewed during the Middle Ages?
With Fear.
What 2 things "caused" mental illnessess during the Middle Ages?
1. The moon.
2. Witches, evil, or heretics.
What 2 things did they do with the mentally ill during the Middle Ages?
1. Excluded them from the community life.
2. confined to institutions.
Define abandonment.
Negligence in which a client is left in need without alternatives for treatment.
Define Autonomy.
Individual's right to self-determination and independence.
Define Beneficence.
Belief that all treatments must be for the client's good.
Define Civil Commitment.
Period of hospitalization requested by a mental health provider following an emergency hospitalization.
Define Code of Ethics.
Positive statemnets and guidelines of what persons should do.
Define Competency to Stand Trial.
Judgment that an individual is able to understand the nature of legal proceedings and is able to tell his or her own story to an attorney and the court.
Define Conservator.
Person appointed to handle the estate of another person who is judged incompetent.
Define Deontology.
Theory founded on human duties to others and the principles on which these duties are based.
Define Emergency Hospitalization.
Power of states to detain a person in an emergency situation for a limited time until further evaluation and court proceedings can occur.
Define Ethics.
Branch of philosophy that considers how behavioral principles guiding human interactions can be analyzed and set.
Define Fidelity.
Individual's obligation to honor commitments and contracts.
Define Incompetence.
State of an individual with a mental disorder that causes inability to make judgements and renders the person unable to handle his or her own affairs.
Define Justice.
Principle ensuring fairness, equity, and honesty in decisions.
Define Least Restrictive Alternative.
Legal principle requiring that clients be treated with the least amount of constraint of liberty consistent with their safety.
Define Malpractice.
Negligence in the medical field that results in harm.
Define M'Naghten Test.
Lack of guilt of a crime by virtue of insanity.
Define Negligence.
Behaving in a way in which a prudent individual would not have behaved or failing to use the diligence and care expected of a reasonable individual in similar circumstances.
Define Nonmaleficence.
Belief that care providers must do no harm.
Define Normative Ethics.
Guidelines and procedures useful in establishing moral decisions.
Define Physical Restraint.
Use of an apparatus that significantly inhibits mobility.
Define Probate Proceedings.
Judicial hearing to determine the competence of an individual to manage personal affairs.
Define Seclusion.
State of a client being put in an isolated room or cell.
Define Tarasoff Duty to Warn.
Legal obligation of health care professionals to advise potential victims of violence so that the potential victim may seek protection.
Define Utilitarianism.
Theory based on the principle that an ethical decision serves to produce the greatest good for the greatest number of persons.
Define Negative Duties.
Duties which dictate what persons must NOT do.
Define Ethical Principles.
Also called Positive duties. Are the activies one should do.
What does the Holistic Code of Ethics say about Nurses and Self?
Stive to achieve harmony in their own lives and assist others striving to do the same.
What does the Holistic Code of Ethics say about treating the client?
Strives to see the client as a whole, and provides care which is professionally appropriate and culturally consonant.
What does the Holistic Code of Ethics say about treating co-workers?
Responsibility to nurture each other, and to assist nurses to work as a team in teh interest of client care.
What should the nurse do if a client's care is endagered by a co-worker?
The nurse must take appropriate action on behalf of the client.
Define Akathisia.
Subjective sense of restlessness with a perceived need to pace or otherwise move continuously.
Define Antipsychotic Drugs.
Major tranquilizers administered to control symptoms of psychosis.
Define Blood-Brain Barrier.
Capillary barrier between blood and brain.
Define Dystonia.
Sustained, involuntary muscle spasms.
Define Half-Life.
Time for plasma concentrations of a drug to decrease to half of an initial value.
Define Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome.
Disorder associated with sudden fever, rigidity, tachycardia, HTN, and decreased levels of consciousness.
Define Oculogyric Crisis.
Reaction in which extrocular muscle spaasm forces the eyes into a fixed, usually upward gaze.
Define Serotonergic Syndrome.
Drug reaction involving agitation, sweating, rigidity, fever, hyperreflexia, tachycardia, and hypotension.
Define Tardive Dyskinesia.
Neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements, usually of the tongue and lips.
Define Therapeutic Window.
Time for peak effectiveness of a drug.
Define Adaptive Potential.
Capacity of the personn to respond to stressors...to utilize resources to cope.
Define Choice Point.
Time in a person's life when previously successful activities are no loner solving disruptions in one's life patterns.
Define Cognator Subsystem.
Higher brain functions that deal with information processing, judgment, emotion, and perception.
Define Cognition.
Process by which a person "knows the world" and interacts with it.
Define Concept.
Basic building block of theory; abstraction of reality.
Define Conceptual framework.
Group of concepts that are linked together to provide a way of organizing or viewing something.
Define Created Environment.
Mobilization of all systems variables.
Define Culture.
Values, beliefs, norms, and lifeways that are learned and shared within a particular group.
Define Culture Care.
Facets of culture that deal with individual and group health and well-being, including efforts to improve on the human condition or to deal with illness, handicaps, or death.
Define Culture Care Accommodation/Negotiation.
Nursing actions and decisions tha tinvolve reshaping the way in which care values are enactd so the actions will better support well-being, dealing with handicaps, recovering from illness, or facing death.
Define Culture Care Preservation/Maintenance.
Nursing actions and decisions that help people of a cultural group keep or preserve those care values that are applicable to the current situation to maintain well-being, deal with handicaps, recover from illness, or face death.
Define Culture Care Repatterning/Restructuring.
Nursing actions and decisions tha involve change in culturally based care practices.
Define Ego.
Conscious mind governed by the reality principle; controls the impulses of the id.
Define External Environment.
Forces, factors, and influences that occur outside the boundaries of a system.
Define Extrapersonal Stressor.
Stimuli from a great distance outside the system boundary.
Define Fixation.
Preoccupation with pleasures associated with a previous developmental stage.
Define Folk System.
Culturally based acts that respond to apparent or anticipated needs related to living, health, well-being, handicaps, or death.
Define Helicy.
The movement of human development toward increasing diversity and complexity.
Define Id.
unconscious mind; the reservoir of psychic energy or libido.
Define Integrality.
The energy fields of the human being and of the environment are each part of the other's.
Define Intentionality.
Consciousness and awareness directed mentally toward an object and involving expectation, belief, action, desire, and the unconscious.
Define Internal Environment.
Forces, factors, and influences that occur completely within the boundaries of a system.
Define Interpersonal Stressor.
Stimuli from outside the system boundary but proximal to the system.
Define Intrapersonal Stressor.
Stimuli from within the system boundary.
Define Modeling.
Assessment with the goal of understanding the client's world from the client's perspective.
Define Nursing Agency.
Nursing activities required to compensate for the client's inability to meet his own self-care needs (Orem's theory).
Define Nursing System.
The design of care based on teh type of self-care deficit.
Define Orientation.
First stage of a relationship, during which the nurse and client get to know one another, establish trust, and outline goals and boundaries.
Define Professional System.
Acts based on formal preparation for dealing with health, illness, and wellness.
Define Regression.
Reversion to pleasures of a previous developmental stage.
Define Regulator Subsystem.
Human processes related to the autonomic nervous system and involving chemical, neural, and endocrine responses.
Define Resonancy.
The movement of human energy wave patterns from low and slow to high and fast.
Define Role-Modeling.
Developing and individualized plan of care based on teh client's world model.
Define Self-Care.
Activities that humans perform for themselves to maintain life, to function, and to develop.
Define Self-Care Agency.
Ability to perform self-care in light of gender, age, socioeconomic status, developmental level, health, family environment, living patterns, and availability of resources.
Define Self-Care Deficit.
State that occurs when an individual's therapeutic self-care demand is greater than the capacity to meet that demand.
Define Superego.
Conscious mind, governed by conscience and ego ideal.
Define Termination.
the final phase of the nurse-patient relationship in which the relationship is ended after the patient's needs have been met.
Define Therapeutic Self-Care Demand.
Activities needed to meet self-care requisites to fulfil self-care agency.
Define Theory.
A set of interrelated concepts that provide testable relationships and direction or prediction.
Define Working Relationship.
The phase of the nurse-patient relationship in which the nurse and patient work together to meet the patient's needs.
Computerized Tomography AKA "CT".
A scan that uses conventional x-rays to form an image that is an actual reconstruction from hundreds of x-rays taken from various angles.
Define Cortex.
The part of the brain consisting of the four lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital.
Define Diencephalon.
the part of the brain consisting of two major structures: the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
Define Deoxyribonucleic Acid AKA "DNA."
A molecule that carries a genetic code in it sequence of bases.
Define Genetic Marker.
Identifiable patterns of DNA structure that can be readily confirmed by laboratory analysis.
Define Genome.
Entire complement of heritable informaton.
Define Hypothalamus.
A central brain structure that is primarily involved with the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system and that plays a role in the nervous mechanisms underlying moods and motivational states.
Define Magnetic Resonance Imaging AKA "MRI."
An imaging technique that uses no x-rays. the image is produced through use of a magnetic field, radio frequencies, and computerized reconstructions.
Define Neurotransmitter.
A chemical messenger that permits the movement of ions and chemicals across synapses.
Define Position Emission Tomography aka PET.
A scan that requires the injection of a radioactive contrast that permits visualization of precise areas of teh brain where functions like blood flow can be observed.
Define Synapse.
Structure formed in which axons and dendrites come together.
Define Thalamus.
An exceptionally important brain region that servs to relay a wide range of sensory inputs to the cerebal cortex; it is also a critical structure for maintaining consciousness.
Define Classification.
System of categorization that allows useful distinctions to be esablished.
Define Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revison aka DSM-IV-TR.
Classification system for mental disorders.
Define HIPAA aka Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act.
Federal legislation protecting the privacy of medical records.
Define International classification of Diseases aka ICD.
A comprehensive listing of clinical diagnoses, each associated with a unique numerical code.
Define NANDA International.
Prepared a taxonomy of nursing diagnoses, which are statements of the phenomena of concern to nurses.
Define Nursing Interventions Classification aka NIC.
Outlines list of nursing interventions designed to identify activities that nurses perform to assist client status or behavior.
Define NMDS aka Nursing Minimum Data Set.
Grouping that identifies the minimum information necessary to meet information demands of nursing practice.
Define SNOMED aka Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine.
Coding system that includes nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, multiple axes that identify causative factors of illness, and related functional deficits and social factors.
Define UMLS aka Unified Medical Language System.
Thesaurus of all terms included in existing taxonomies.
Define Concept Map.
A diagrammatic representation of organized knowledge. In nursing care, a diagrammatic representation of the nursing process, illustrating the relationships between and among issues and characteristics that emerge from assessment data.
Define Defense Mechanisms.
Unconscious responses used by individuals to protect themselves from internal conflict and external stress.
Define Feedback.
Response of a receiver of a message to the communicator.
Define Nonverbal Communication.
Messages sent by means other than oral or written.
Define Nursing Care Plan.
A method of documenting the steps of teh nursing process that includes a statemtn related to each step of the process: Assessment, diagnosis, outcomes, identification, planning/interventions, and evaluation.
Define Process Recording.
Verbatim account of a communication, with interpretation of techniques used and their effectiveness.
Define Therapeutic Communication.
Purposeful use of dialogue to bring about the client's insight, control of symptoms, and healing. Communication that builds a trusting relationship.
Define Cultural Blindness.
Attempt to treat all persons fairly by ignoring differences and acting as though differences do not exist; misguided attempt to achieve "fairness" by ignoring real cultural differences.
Define Cultural Facilitator/Broker.
Person who can interpret the language, culture, and health care culture of another as a means to bridging the communicaiton barriers between peple from different cultures.
Define Culture Shock.
State in which a person in overwhelmed or even immobilized by cultural differences in expectations, communication, and general habits between an individual's culture of origin and a new culture to which the individual is trying to assimilate.
Define Ethnicity.
Identification with socially, culturally, and politically constructed group that holds a common set of characteristics not shared by others with whom its members come in contact.
Define Ethnocentrism.
Perception that one's worldview is the only acceptable truth and that the beliefs, values, adn behaviors sanctioned by one's culture are superior to all others.
Define Ethnocentrism.
Perception that one's worldview is the only acceptable truth and that the beliefs, values, and behaviors sanctioned by one's culture are superior to all others.
Define Stereotyping.
Assumption that people sharing certain characteristics will think and act similarly.
Define Norms.
Learned behaviors that are perceived to be appropriate or inappropriate in a culture.
Define Values.
Learned beliefs about what is held to be good or bad in a culture.
Define Blinded Clinical Trial.
Study in which subjects do not know whether they are receiving an active treatment or a placebo.
Define Case-Control study
Study compairing two groups: The cases (all members have the given disease or condition) and the controls (all members are free of the disease or condition).
Define Cohort Study.
This also called Longitudinal Study. Population-based study conducted over a period of time, typically years.
Define Control Group.
Persons receiving no treatment or being free of a given condition or disease under study.
Define Controlled Clinical Trial.
Evaluation in which neither the clients nor their caregivers are allowed to know exactly what treatment is being given.
Define Descriptive Study.
Survey to determine the incidence and prevalence of a disease or condition.
Define Double-Blinded Trial.
Study in which neither subjects nor persons evaluating the outcome know whether subjects are receiving treatment or a placebo.
Define Endemic.
Descriptor for a disease or condition that is constantly or regularly found in the population.
Define Epidemic.
Descriptor for a disease or condition that spreads or circulates within a population.
Define Epidemiology.
Study of the causes and disbribution of injuries and disease in a population.
Define Experimental Group.
Persons receiving treatment or having a given condition or disease under study; also known as Case Group.
Define Incidence.
Number of new cases of an illness, condition, or injury that begin within a certain time period.
Define Interrater Agreement.
Accord on diagnosis between individuals evaluating the same condition.
Define Intrarater Reliability.
Accord on diagnosis on different examinations by the same evaluator.
Define Define Meta-analysis.
Statistical analysis that combines the results of several separate clinical studies.
Define Placebo.
Treatment that has no intended effect on the expected outcome of a trial.
Define Prevalence.
Number of persons in a population who are living with a disease or disorder at any time; includes both new and old cases.
Define Quasi-Experimental Study.
Analytical study in which a population is studied before and after a given event usually includes both a case and a control set.
Define Reliablility.
Measurement of reproducibility of a testing instrument.
Define Risk Factors.
Traits that predispose an individual to a disease.
Define Validity.
Measurement of accuracy of a testing instrument.
Define Burnout.
Description for caregivers who find themselves unable to provide the quality of care that is desirable; characterized by depletion of energy, decreased ability to concentrate, and a sense of hopelessness.
Define Circadian Rhythm.
Biorhythm that determines human responses to the environment; refers to attention span in relation to the presence or absence of daylight.
Define Parasympathetic System Response.
Nervous system response that works in opposition to to the sympathetic nervous system, bringing about a decrease in heart and respiratory rates, dilation of perpheral blood vessels, muscle relaxation, lowered blood pressure, and increase flow of endorphins.
Define Sympathetic System Response.
Nervous system responses to stress that include increased heart rate, breathing, and blood presure; constriction of perpheral blood vessels; muscle tension; gastric hyperacidity; release of adrenaline; and formation of cortisol.
Define Victim Consciousness.
Belief that one is at the mercy of circumstances beyond one's control.