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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What % of children are estimated to have mental disorders?
20%
What % of children With mental disorders are being treated for that disorder?
Only 20%
What are classified under developmental disorders in children?
1. Mental Retardation
2. Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD, Autism, Aspergers)
What are the typical disruptive disorders?
-ADHD
-Oppositional Defiant Disorder
-Conduct Disorder
What will frame the assessment and implementation of the management plan for a child or adolescent?
The development level of the child
List the communications techniques to use in a assessment of a child.
1. Explain to patient and caretaker the assessment process
2. Ask specific questions, not open-ended
3. May utilize artistic play
4. Interview child and caretaker together and separately
What is included in the evaluation portion of the assessment of a child?
1. Biopsychosocial History
2. MSE
3. Additional tests (IQ)
4. School records
What percent of the population is affected by mental retardation?
1-3%
When is the onset of mental retardation?
Before age 18
What Axis does mental retardation fall under?
Axis II
According to the DSM, what IQ score is considered mental retardation?
70 or below
What are the areas that the DSM indicates are commonly impaired in mental retardation?
-communication
-self-care
-home living
-social/interpersonal skills
-use of community resources
-self-direction
-functional academic skills
-work
-leisure
-health
-safety
Describe the possible factors leading to the embryonic development of mental disorders
Prenatal damage due to infection, toxins, and substance abuse or etiology unknown
What problems during pregnancy can cause mental retardation?
-Fetal malnutrition
- prematurity
- hypoxia
- viral and other infections
- trauma
What type of medical conditions in infancy can cause mental retardation?
-Infections esp CNS
-Traumas
-Lead poisoning
-Thyroid, cancer and cancer treatments
What are the environmental influences that can lead to mental retardation?
-Severe early neglect or abuse

-malnutrition.
What are the treatment goals for mental retardation?
-Optimal level of functioning
-independent functioning
What should the group programs for mental retardation treatment include?
They should maximize speech, language, cognitive, psychomotor, social self-care and occupational skills.
What is the general description given to Pervasive Developmental Disorders?
Group of syndromes marked by severe developmental delays in several areas that cannot be attributed to mental retardation
What is the age of onset for Autism?
Before age 3 (36 months)
Which gender has a greater risk for autism?
Boys
What percentage of children with autism have seizure disorder?
25%
What areas of the brain have been found to be affected with Autism?
-The amygdala
-parietal and corpus Collosum
-ventricular enlargement
-L temporal abnormalities
-increase glucose metabolism
List the descriptions of autism.
1. Slow or no language development
2. Use of words without attaching meaning to them or 3. communication only by gestures or noises
4. Time spent alone; little interest in making friends
5. Isolation from the world around them; detachment, aloofness
6. Decreased responsiveness to social cues (eg smiles, eye contact)
7. Some sensory impairment, including sensitivity to sight, taste, hearing, touch, or smell
8. Possible aggressive action, tantrums for no obvious reason
9. Perseveration (showing an obsessive interest in some item or activity and engaging in ritualistic behavior)
10. Adherence to routines; inability to tolerate change well
What are the descriptions of Asperger's Disorder
-Major difficulties with social interactions and restricted, unusual interests and behaviors
-Monotone speech and rigid vocabulary
-Inability to understand jokes; easily taken advantage of
-Obsession with facts about circumscribed and odd topics
Describe the PDD treatment of Applied behavioral analysis (ABA)
Discrete Trial Training.

Teaching skills in specific situations
Describe structured teaching for PDD patients.
A system of organizing the environment and optimal conditions under which the child should be taught
What is the developmental individual difference relationship model (DIR) for PDD?
"Floortime": uses relationship method to help the child relate and attend to the social setting
What form of treatment uses stories to problem solve social dilemmas?
Social Story treatment
What are the common drug classes in the Tx of PDD?
1. Antipsychotics
2. SSRIs
3. Stimulants
4. Alpha-2 agonist
5. Melatonin
What are the target behaviors for antipsychotic drugs in PDD?
Aggression, agitation, irritability, hyperactivity and self-injurious behavior
The SSRIs are often given to PDD patients to treat which symptoms?
Anxiety, perserveration, compulsions, depression and social isolation
Which 2 classes of drugs are often Rx'ed to treat the symptoms of hyperactivity and inattention in PDD?
Stimulants and Alpha-2 agonists
What is the mnemonic for the inattentive symptoms of ADHD?
CALL FOR FE


-Careless mistakes
-Attention difficulty
-Listening problems
-Loses things
-Fails to finish what he/she starts
-Organizational skills lacking
-Reluctant to do tasks that require sustained mental effort
-Forgetful in routine activities
-Easily distracted
What is the mnemonic for the Hyperactivity/impulsive symptoms of ADHD?
RUNS FASTT

-Runs or is restless
-Unable to wait for his/her turn
-Not able to play quietly
-Slow- on no, on the go!
-Fidgets with hands or feet
-Answers are blurted out
-Staying seated is difficult
-Talks excessively
-Tends to interrupt
LIst the characteristics of oppositional defiant disorder.
-Resentful
-Easily annoyed
-Argues with adults
-Loses temper
-Blames others for his or her misbehavior
-Annoys people deliberately
-Defies rules or requests
-Spiteful

REAL BADS
What are the symptoms of conduct disorder?
-Bullying
-Animal cruelty
-Destroying others’ property
-Fighting
-Out late at night
-Running away from home
-Actively forcing sex
-Being cruel to people
-Using a weapon
-Setting fires
-Into someone’s house, building, or car
-Not going to school
-Everyday lying or conning
-Stealing while confronting a victim
-Stealing without confronting a victim
What is the mnemonic used to describe the symptoms of Conduct Disorder?
BAD FOR A BUSINESS
What theories of develop were established by Sigmund Freud?
Psychoanalytic drive theory and the psychosexual stages
According to Freud, what is the Oral stage and when does it occur?
Birth to 12-18 months

Primary site of gratification and tension in oral area (mouth, lips, tongue)

Sucking and biting
According to Erikson's theory, when does trust v. mistrust occur and what does it entail?
Birth to 12-18 months

Trust depends on reliability of care provided by caretaker.

Frustration associated with weaning

Optimism and hope derive from basic trust
When doe the Anal phase occur? CHaracterize it.
12-18months to 36 months

Primary site of tension and gratification is the anal area

Potty training
Who drafted the cognitive stages of development?
Jean Piaget
When does Piaget's sensorimotor phase occur? Describe it?
Birth to 2 years

Modification of reflexes; cross modal fluency

-Association between means and ends
-Object permeance; objects still exist even if obsured from view
According to Piaget, when does mastery motivation occur and what does the child do?
10-12 months

The child seeks to master challenges
According to Erikson, what takes place between 1-3 years old in children? Describe this stage.
Autonomy vs Shame

-Increased capacities (motor, sphincter, language)
-Need for consistent limits from caretaker
-Shame occurs with lack of self-control
-Self-doubt evolves from parental shaming
According to Piaget, when can a child infer cause and effect?
1-2 years
What are schemas according to piaget? and when does a child become aware of them?
units of categories of cognition

Aware at ages 1-2: part of sensorimotor phase
What phase of Piagets stages does assimilation and accommodation occur? What are they?
Sensorimotor phase
Assimilation: incorporation of new knowledge
Accommodation: modification of schema to adapt to new stimuli
What is the Phallic-Oedipal Phase? When does it occur?
Ages 3-5 years old
-site of gratification is genitals, castration anxiety, fear of genital loss or injury.

-Oedipus complex: child desires intimacy with parent of the opposite sex; to be rid of same-sex parent
When does the initiative vs guilt phase occur according to erikson and what is it?
Age 3-5 years

Initiative, employment of acitivy and accomplishments

-Guilt over aggressive urges
-REsolution of oedipal conflict via role identification
-Sibling rivalry is common
What the is the preoperational phase by Piaget? When does it occur?
Language acquisition and symbolic reasoning.
-Egocentrism; see world exclusively from own perspective
-Magic thinking

Ages 2-6years
When does the latency stage occur according to Freud? What characterizes it?
6-11 years

-Relative quiescence of libidinal drives
-Sexual drives channeled into socially appropriate activities (i.e. school work, sports)
-Further development of ego functions
-Formation of superego
-Focus on same-sex relationships
At ages 6-11, what phase would erikson say a child is in? What would that child be experiencing?
Industry vs. Inferiority phase


-School is important
-Child is busy creating, building, accomplishing
-Danger of sense of inferiority and inadequacy of child; feels unable to compete with regard to skills (e.g., academic, sports) and status among peers
-Socially decisive age
Piaget's concrete operations phase occurs at what age? What is experienced?
Ages 6-11

-Emergence of logical, cause and effect thinking
-Reversibility of events and ideas
-Switch from egocentric to social speech
-Ability to see another’s point of view
-Rigid interpretation of rules
At age 11 what stage would Piaget's children be in? WHat would they be experiencing?
Formal operations

-Hypothetical/deductive abstract reasoning
-Elaboration of information processing
-Metacognitive capacity; can think about thinking
-Ability to grasp concept of probabilities
When does the identity vs Role confusion stage occur? WHat is involved in it?
Age 11-18

-Group identity (peers) primary
-Developing ego identity (sense of inner sameness)
-Preoccupation with appearance
-Moodiness and reactivity
-Danger of role confusion; uncertainty about sexual and vocational identity
When does the adolescent genital phase occur and what characterizes it?
Age 11 or 12 and older

-Final stage of psychosexual development
-Recapitulates earlier phases
-Separation from family
-Identify formation
-Biological capacity for orgasm and psychological capacity for true intimacy develop