Psych2230 Infants, Children & Adolescents

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Affordances

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the action possibilities that a situation offers an organism with certain motor capabilities

(Gibson, 2000 2003)

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amodal sensory properties

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information that is not specific to a single modality but that overlaps two or more sensory systems such as a rate rhythm duration etc.

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brain plasticity

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A highly plastic cerebral cortex, in which many ares are not yet committed to specific functions, has a highly capacity for learning. And if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have handles.

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cephalocaudal trend (one of two growth patterns)

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From the Latin for "Head" to tail" During the prenatal period, the head develops more rapidly then the lower part of the body.

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cerebral cortex

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surrounds the rest of the brain, resembling half of a shelled walnut. It is the largest brain structure- accounting for 85% of the brain's weight & containing the greatest numbers of neurons and synapses.

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classical conditioning

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possible in the young infant. In this form of learning, a neural stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response.

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conditioned response (CR)

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the response that is elicit to the (CS)

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conditioned stimulus (CS)

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the neutral stimulus along produces a response similar to the reflexive response. The neutral stimulus is then called the conditioned stimulus

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contrast sensitivity

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explains early pattern preferences. Contrast refers to the difference in the amount of light between adjacent regions in a pattern. if babies are sensitive to (can detect) the contrast in two or more patterns they prefer the one with more contrast.

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differentiation theory

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infants actively in search for invariant features of the environment. those that remain stable in a constantly changing perceptual world.

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dynamic systems theory of motor development

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mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of actions. When motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment ex: control of head and upper chest combine in sitting..

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epiphyses

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special growth centers
appear at the two extreme ends of the long bones of the body

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experience-dependent brain growth

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refers to the young brain's rapidly developing organization, which depends on ordinary experiences-opportunities to see and touch objects, to hear language and other sounds, and to move about and explore environment.

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experience -expectant brain growth

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occurs through out our lives. It consists of additional growth and the refinement of established brain structures as a result nof specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures.

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fontanels

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At first the bones of the skull are separated by six gaps, or "soft" spots

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glial

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1/2 of the brain volume is made of glial cells which are responsible for myelination

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growth faltering

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infants whose weight, height and head circumference are substantially below age-related growth norms and who are withdrawn and apathetic In many as half such cases, a disturbed parent-infant relationship contributes to this failure to grow
normally (Black)

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habituation

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refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation

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imitation

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by copying the behavior of another person

(Meltzoff & Kuhl 1977) (Myowa-
yamakoshi)

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inter-modal perception

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we make sense of these running streams of light , sound, tactile,odor,and taste information, perceiving themas integrated whole. We know, for example, that an object's shape is the same whether we see it or touch it, object on a hard surface will cause a hard surface will cause a shar banging sound.

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kwashiorkor

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caused by an unbalanced diet very low in all nutrients. it usually appears in the first year of life when a baby's mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is also inadequate.

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lateralization

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specialization of the two hemispheres of the brain. Left hemisphere is better at processing information in a sequential, analytic (piece by piece) way both verbal (language)l & emotional (smile)In contrast the right side of the brain is specialized for processing information holistic, integrative manner,ideal to make sense f spatial information and regulating negative emotion.

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marasmus

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is a wasted condition of the body caused by a diet low in all nutrients It usually appears in the first year ol life when a baby's mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is also inadequate.

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mirror neurons

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specialize cells in many areas of the cerebral cortex of primates that underlines these capacities. mirror neurons fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out that action on its own.(Rizzolatti && Craighero, 2004)

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myelination

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the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath.

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neurons

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nerve cells, that store and transmit information, many of which have thousands of direct connections with other neurons.

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neurotransmitters

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neurons send messages to one another by releasing these chemicals which cause the synapse

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operant conditioning

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infants act or operate, on the environment, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will happen again.

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pincer grasp

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infants use the thumb and index fingers in a well-coordinated pincer grasp

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prefrontal cortex

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lying in front areas controlling body movement is responsible for thought- in particular, for consciousness, inhibition of impulses , integration of information, and use of memory, reasoning planning, and problem solving strategies.

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prereaching

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newborn make poorly coordinated swipes.

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proximodsistal trend

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growth proceeds literally from the "near to far", from the center of the body outward.

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punishment

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removing a desirable stimulus or presenting an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response

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recovery

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a new stimulus- a change in the environment-causes responsiveness to return to a high level, an increase.

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reinforcer

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a stimulus that increase the occurrence of a response

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shape constancy

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perception of an object's shape a stable, despite changes in the shape projected on the retina

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size constancy

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perception of an object's size as the same, despite changes in the size of its retinal image

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skeletal age

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the best estimate of a child's physical maturity.a measure of development of the bones of the body

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statistical learning capacity

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by analyzing the speech stream for patterns-repeatedly occurring sequences of sounds-they acquire a stock of speech structures for which they will later learn meanings, long before they start to talk around age 12

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synapses

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tiny gaps where fibers from different neurons come close together but do not touch

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synaptic pruning

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is a process that returns neurons not needed at the moment to an uncommitted state so they can support future development.

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ulnar grasp

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a clumsy motion in which the young infant's fingers close against the palm.

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unconditional response (UCR)

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reflexive response

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unconditional stimulus(UCS)

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before learning takes place