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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the "Tools of Thinking"
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Words Images Concepts and Logic
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Prototypes
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examples
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Scripting
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organizing things in a sequence.
i.e. describing an event, often using causality |
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Heuristics
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Fundamental rules of thumb
general rules stereotypes not percise |
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Algorithms
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Formal, precise procedures
ie determining the area of a circle |
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Modes of Thinking
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Propositional
Imagery Sensory/Motor |
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Propositional Mode of Thinking
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Focus on the detail, editing and choosing
using words left hemisphere |
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Imagery Mode of Thinking
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focus on the whole, larger picture. excess details.
right hemisphere |
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Corpus Collosum
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bridge that connects the two hemispheres of the brain
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Sensory Motor Mode of Thinking
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nonverbal and nonpictoral
i.e. reading bike manual vs actually riding a bike often become automatized patterns and sequences of activity |
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Syntax
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descriptive name
word order carries meaning |
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grammar
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prescriptive name
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phonemes
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smallest units of speech that distinguishes meaning.
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morpheme
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smallest units that has semantic meaning.
unbreakable has three morphemes |
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informant element of syntax
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have meaningful referents
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Functors of Syntax
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the little words - articles
propositions |
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Markers (syntax)
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the parts of words that mark them for what they are.
e.g. "-ly" |
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Prosody (syntax)
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rhythm, intonation.
analogous to melody in music |
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Semantics
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refers to aspects of meaning, as expressed in language or other systems of signs.
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Denotation
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dictionary definition
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Connotation
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subjective weight
how we feel/respond to such words |
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Osgood's Semantic Differential
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psychological study of semantics.
experiment where subjects judge target words/phrases on spectrum. |
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Potency
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Strong vs. weak
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Activity
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fast vs. slow
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Evaluation
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good vs bad
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Achievement Test
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look at the past, at what has been achieved
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Aptitude test
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Looks towards the future and try to measure individuals' ability to take on future challenges
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Type testing
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tool to categorize people by type
i.e. extroverts vs introverts |
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Trait testing
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specific
stable eg mathematical ability or hand dexterity |
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State testing
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"here and now"
can change depending on experience, situation, time. e.g. mood |
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Test Validity
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does it test what it purports to test?
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Face Validity
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does it looks like a test of X?
given test's purpose, do the questions seem to fit that purpose? |
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Predictive Validity
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Do the test results predict something as a function of results?
assessed as a correlation eg "does reaction time predict driving skills?" |
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Construct Validity
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does the test make sense in light of a theory?
item evaluation in theory's context |
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Stable Reliability
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when the thing being tested is stable. measured by test/retest correlation
split half correlation |
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Standardization
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use of many methods to ensure that test is given and scored the same.
eg timing, tester training, testee training, presentation of results and population norms. |
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Reject Cost
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Below cutoff score, but had potential to perform above criterion
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Correct Acceptances
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above cutoff and who we predict will be above criterion
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Accept Cost
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accepted, but performed below criterion.
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Correct Reject
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below cutoff, below criterion.
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Alfred Binet's Intelligence Test
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test of general cognitive ability used to place children in school
copy drawing making change (coins) remembering numbers - short term/working memory Explaining absurdities |
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Mental Age
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may or may not differ from chronological age,
judged by alfred binet's intelligence test peaks around 20 years old |
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Intelligence Quotient
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for children: mental age / chronological age x 100
for adults: mean set to 100, standard deviation set to 15. 99% of population falls between 70-130 |
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Stanford - Binet Intelligence Test
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american version of Binet's intelligence test.
standardized on upscale, suburban, white, Californian children. |
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Wechsler Scales
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intelligence test with many subtests.
child/adult versions broader standardization. |
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wechsler scale verbal subtest
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test on
general information comprehension, arithmetic, similarities, digit span, vocabulary |
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Wechsler performance subtests
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test on object assembly, block design, picture completion/arrangment, coding, mazes.
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Wechsler Scoring
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verbal, performance, and overall IQ scores
subscale scores reveal strengths and weaknesses. |
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Operation definition
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intelligence is what the intelligence test measures.
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Fluid Intelligence
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ability to learn new approaches and skills
maximal early, then declines |
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Knowledge(wisdom)
increases across life. |
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Sternberg Creativity
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ability to produce new ideas is a skill, not a trait.
ideas are task appropriate and high in quality skills: redefine problems take sensible risks be willing to grow/change |
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Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
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pluralization, contextualization, distribution
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Gardner's pluralization
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grounds for general intelligence are not firm
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Gardner's contextualization
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realization that intelligence is epigenetic
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Gardner's distribution intelligence
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intelligence extends to our tools and communities
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Gardner's populations for his study
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studied paragons - ends of the distribution curve aka geniuses and fools.
looked at nature of strength/weaknesses of one-dimensional people. |
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Gardner's Scales
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linguistic intelligence, mathematical, musical, spatial, body kinesthetic, personal intelligence - of self, others and culture.
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motives
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mix of needs and wants
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Tissue Needs
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nature
instincts - fixed action patterns. |
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Wants
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learned incentives
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Needless Wants
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need of materials, entertainment.
can be rationalized as a need |
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Particularized Needs
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want-like needs
need food want chocolate need water want evian |
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Regulation Motive Operation
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bobo doll theory
1. detector - monitors current status. compares set-point to current status. computes error and informs 2. effector - operates to reduce error by changing status to match set-point. eg thermostat. |
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Drive Reduction motive operation
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drives are satisfied by consumatory responses - reduce drive/turns off activity
aka vege out theory |
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Bobo doll vs Vege out theory
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both support homeostasis
take behavior to zero level - needs met -> shut down. arousal is reduce |
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Optimal Arousal Theory of motive operation
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behavior emitted to reach or maintain optimal arousal.
optimal arousal levels are not always zero and vary across individuals and situations aka thrill seeker theory |
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Opponent Process theory of motive operation
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pursuit of the opposite of interests.
seek negative outcomes self-defeating/destructive behaviors overshooting -> suicide |
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Stanley Schacter's study of obese people
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obese people tend to be more lazy and finicky.
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Abraham maslow's pyramid of human motivation
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basic needs are universal animal needs
highest needs are human needs |
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Basic needs of maslow's pyramid
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Physiological needs
food water oxygen warmth safety/security |
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Psychological needs of maslow's pyramid
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belongingness and love needs
social interations esteem needs prestige, fame, accomplishment |
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Self-fulfillment needs of maslow's pyramid
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self-actualization - achieving one's full potential including creative activities
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Murray's three factors of achievement motivation
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motive
skill perceived value of goal. |
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extrinsic motivation
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motivated from the outside.
receive reward |
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intrinsic motivation
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inside motivation
feel good about an activity not necessarily internal self-chosen motivation |
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intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation
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extrinsic motivation tends to undermine intrinsic motivation
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Four humors of Hippocrates
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melancholic
choleric phlegmatic sanguine |
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Melancholic
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moody anxious sober pessimistic reserved unsociable quiet
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choleric
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touchy restless aggressive changeable impulsive optimistic active
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phlegmatic
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passive careful thoughtful peaceful controlled reliable even tempered calm
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sanguine
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social outgoing talkative responsive easy-going lively carefree leader
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James - lange theory of emotion
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response leads to emotion
see the bear, response is to be afraid |
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cannon-bard theory of emotion
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emotion leads to response
see the bear, be afraid -> response |
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schacter's cognitive theory of emotion
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cognitive analysis leads to emotion
see the bear, arousal, cognitive labeling, fear and response. |
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Limbic System and emotion
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fear, fighting, fleeing, and sex.
"older" parts of the brain neurochemical highs and lows eg Julia: stimulation of amygdala = rage |
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Sympathetic nervous systems and emotion
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increase- heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, sweating
decrease digestion |
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parasympathetic nervous system and emotion
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decreases heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and sweating.
increases digestion |
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Endocrine systems and emotion
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gonads, ovaries,
sex hormones testosterone and estrogen |
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adrenalin
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similar to sympathetic nervous system activation
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cortocosteroids
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energy mobilization, increase muscle activity
good in the short run - promotes preparedness |
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Health psychology
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seeks to look at the
biological psychological social factors of disease and well-being |
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Distress
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caused by adverse events.
suffering |
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Eustress
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good stress.
eg. buying a new home getting married |
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Chronic Stress
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can lead to diabetes and obesity.
compromised immune system ulcers, arthritis, heart disease |
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How to de-stress
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stop stress-inducing activities
venting/sharing exercising meditating sleeping better eating well |
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Heart disease
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linked to chronic stress, smoking, obesity, anger, depression
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