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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Memory
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The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
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Flashbult Memory
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A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.
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Encoding
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The processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning.
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Storage
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The retention of encoded information over time.
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Retrieval
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The process of getting information out of memory storage.
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Sensory Memory
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The immediate, very brief recoding of sensory information in the memory system.
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Short-term memory
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
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Long-term memory
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The relatively permanentand limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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Working memory
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A newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.
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Automatic Processing
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Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.
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Effortful Processing
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.
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Rehearsal
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The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
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Spacing Effect
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The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved though massed study or practice.
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Serial Position Effect
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Our tendency to recall best the last and first items ina list.
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Visual Encoding
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The encoding of picture images.
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Acoustic Encoding
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The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.
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Semantic Encoding
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The encoding of meaning includin the meaning of words.
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Imagery
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Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when commbined with semantic encoding.
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Mnemonics
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Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.
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Chunking
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Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically.
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Iconic Memory
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A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
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Echoic Memory
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A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 to 4 seconds.
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Long-term potentiation
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An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.
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Amnesia
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The loss of memory.
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Implicit Memory, Procedural Memory
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Retention independent of conscious recollection.
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Explicit Memory, Declarative Memory
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Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."
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Hippocampus
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A neural center that is located in the limbic system and helps process explicit memories for storage.
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Cerebellum
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Brain region extending out from the rear of the brainstem. Plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning.
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Recall
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A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.
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Recognition
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A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.
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Relearning
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A memory measure that assesses the amoung of time saved when learning material for a second time.
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Priming
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The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. Ask a friend two rapid-fire questions: How do you prononce the word spelled by the letters s-h-o-p? and What do you do when you come to a green light? If your friend answers "stop" to the second question, you have demonstrated priming.
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Deja Vu
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That eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.
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Mood-Congrutent Memory
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The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.
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Proactive Interference
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The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
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Retroactive Interference
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The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.
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Repression
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In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.
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Misinformation Effect
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Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
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Source Amnesia
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Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. It, along with misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.
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