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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Object permanence
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A developmental term that refers to a child's ability to understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight. Infants eight-months old or younger tend not to have this ability. It is not until they become more cognitively developed that they understand to search for an object even though it has been hidden from view.
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Parenting styles
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Authoritarian Parenting: children are expected to follow the strict rules established by the parents
Authoritative Parenting:Like authoritarian parents but responsive to children Permissive Parenting:have very few demands to make of their children Uninvolved Parenting: few demands, low responsiveness and little communication |
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Jean Piaget
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Sensorimotor stage: from birth to age 2. Children experience the world through movement and senses (use five senses to explore the world). During the sensorimotor stage children are extremely egocentric, meaning they cannot perceive the world from others' viewpoints. The sensorimotor stage is divided into six substages: "(1) simple reflexes; (2) first habits and primary circular reactions; (3) secondary circular reactions; (4) coordination of secondary circular reactions; (5) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity; and (6) internalization of schemes."
Preoperational stage: from ages 2 to 7 (magical thinking predominates. Acquisition of motor skills). Egocentrism begins strongly and then weakens. Children cannot conserve or use logical thinking. Concrete operational stage: from ages 7 to 12 (children begin to think logically but are very concrete in their thinking). Children can now conserve and think logically but only with practical aids. They are no longer egocentric. Formal operational stage: from age 12 onwards (development of abstract reasoning). Children develop abstract thought and can easily conserve and think logically in their mind. |
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Resilience
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the positive capacity of people to cope with stress and adversity. This coping may result in the individual “bouncing back” to a previous state of normal functioning, or using the experience of exposure to adversity to produce a “steeling effect” and function better than expected (much like an inoculation gives one the capacity to cope well with future exposure to disease).[1] Resilience is most commonly understood as a process, and not a trait of an individual.
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Schemas
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a cognitive system which helps us organize and make sense of information. For example, you may have a conceptual framework or developed a schema that all homeless people are rude.
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Stranger anxiety
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Although many people might get anxious around strangers, this term refers to a developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers. This usually occurs around 8 months of age and includes outward, fearful behaviors by the child in the presence of stranges, including crying, recoiling, clinging, etc. This is not an unusual situation and occurs at the same time as object permanence.
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Lev Vygotsky
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Social Development Theory argues that social interaction precedes development; consciousness and cognition are the end product of socialization and social behavior.
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Zone of proximal development
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the gap between what a learner has already mastered (the actual level of development) and what he or she can achieve when provided with educational support (potential development).
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Absolute threshold
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This is a term that many students have a difficult time understanding, but it's not as complex as it might seem. One formal definition is that absolute threshold is the smallest intensity of a stimulus that has to be present for the stimulus to be detected. Let's use an example to clear this up. Think of an electric burner on a stove. Imagine turning that burner on and then placing your hand directly on it. At first you won't feel much heat because is takes time for the burner to heat up. But at some point it will get hot enough for you to detect…meaning, there is some temperature that is just hot enough for you to notice it. This isn't the point at which you get burned, but the point at which it is just hot enough for you to detect the presence of the heat.
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Aphasia
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Aphasia is the inability to use language appropriately and may include problems speaking language, hearing language, and reading language. Some with aphasia are able to read properly, but can't speak the language, speak the language but not be able to read it, or read letters but not numbers. Aphasia usually results from damage to parts of the brain such as Broca's (speaking problems) area or Wernicke's area (understanding language problems).
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Binocular cues
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Humans are able to see things that are both far and near, and can actually identify where those objects are in space (meaning, they can determine if those objects are close or far away). This sort of depth perception requires both of our eyes, which is referred to as binocular cues (depth cues that requires both of our eyes).
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Bottom-up processing
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Bottom-up processing is also known as "small chunk" processing and suggests that we attend to or perceive elements by starting with the smaller, more fine details of that element and then building upward until we have a solid representation of it in our minds.
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Cocktail party effect
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the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, ignoring other conversations.[1] The effect enables people to talk in a noisy place. For example, when conversing in a noisy crowded party, people can still listen and understand the person they are talking with, and can simultaneously ignore background noise and conversations. Nevertheless, if someone calls out their name from across the room, people will sometimes notice (the own name effect).
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Color blindness
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the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to certain chemicals.
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Figure ground
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a property of perception in which there is a tendency to see parts of a visual field as solid, well-defined objects standing out against a less distinct background.
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Gate control theory
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suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that either block pain signals or allows them to continue on to the brain. Unlike an actual gate, which opens and closes to allow things to pass through, the "gate" in the spinal cord operates by differentiating between the types of fibers carrying pain signals.
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Gestalt perception theory
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form-generating capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves
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Eleanor Gibson
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popularly known for the "visual cliff" experiment in which precocial animals, and crawling human infants, showed their ability to perceive depth by avoiding the deep side of a virtual cliff. Along with her husband James J. Gibson, she forwarded the concept that perceptual learning takes place by differentiation.
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Habituation
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As humans, we get used to things. Something that is new and incredibly exciting can become boring. This tendancy to have decreased repsponsiveness to something is habituation (you might also hear someone say that you get habituated to something). For example, there may be a painting or picture you really like so you put it on the wall in your room. You see this picture every day, 10 times a day. Over time and repeated exposures to this picture you might start feeling like you've "seen it a million times" and it just doesn’t have the same effect on you that it used to. This is habituation.
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Homeostatic
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Humans seek balance in their lives. When things are out of order or imbalanced, it tends to cause problems. This is true particularly with regard to our internal state or well-being. Homeostasis refers to this tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state that is optimal for functioning. For example, you have a specific "balanced" or "normal" body temperature that is approximately 98.6 degrees. When there is a problem with the internal functioning of your body, this temperature may increase, signaling and imbalance. As a result, your body attempts to solve the problem and restore homeostasis; your normal body temperature.
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Binocular cues
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Humans are able to see things that are both far and near, and can actually identify where those objects are in space (meaning, they can determine if those objects are close or far away). This sort of depth perception requires both of our eyes, which is referred to as binocular cues (depth cues that requires both of our eyes).
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Bottom-up processing
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Bottom-up processing is also known as "small chunk" processing and suggests that we attend to or perceive elements by starting with the smaller, more fine details of that element and then building upward until we have a solid representation of it in our minds.
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Cocktail party effect
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the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, ignoring other conversations.[1] The effect enables people to talk in a noisy place. For example, when conversing in a noisy crowded party, people can still listen and understand the person they are talking with, and can simultaneously ignore background noise and conversations. Nevertheless, if someone calls out their name from across the room, people will sometimes notice (the own name effect).
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Color blindness
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the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to certain chemicals.
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Figure ground
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a property of perception in which there is a tendency to see parts of a visual field as solid, well-defined objects standing out against a less distinct background.
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Gate control theory
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suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that either block pain signals or allows them to continue on to the brain. Unlike an actual gate, which opens and closes to allow things to pass through, the "gate" in the spinal cord operates by differentiating between the types of fibers carrying pain signals.
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Gestalt perception theory
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form-generating capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves
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Eleanor Gibson
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popularly known for the "visual cliff" experiment in which precocial animals, and crawling human infants, showed their ability to perceive depth by avoiding the deep side of a virtual cliff. Along with her husband James J. Gibson, she forwarded the concept that perceptual learning takes place by differentiation.
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Habituation
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As humans, we get used to things. Something that is new and incredibly exciting can become boring. This tendancy to have decreased repsponsiveness to something is habituation (you might also hear someone say that you get habituated to something). For example, there may be a painting or picture you really like so you put it on the wall in your room. You see this picture every day, 10 times a day. Over time and repeated exposures to this picture you might start feeling like you've "seen it a million times" and it just doesn’t have the same effect on you that it used to. This is habituation.
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Homeostatic
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Humans seek balance in their lives. When things are out of order or imbalanced, it tends to cause problems. This is true particularly with regard to our internal state or well-being. Homeostasis refers to this tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state that is optimal for functioning. For example, you have a specific "balanced" or "normal" body temperature that is approximately 98.6 degrees. When there is a problem with the internal functioning of your body, this temperature may increase, signaling and imbalance. As a result, your body attempts to solve the problem and restore homeostasis; your normal body temperature.
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Binocular cues
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Humans are able to see things that are both far and near, and can actually identify where those objects are in space (meaning, they can determine if those objects are close or far away). This sort of depth perception requires both of our eyes, which is referred to as binocular cues (depth cues that requires both of our eyes).
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Bottom-up processing
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Bottom-up processing is also known as "small chunk" processing and suggests that we attend to or perceive elements by starting with the smaller, more fine details of that element and then building upward until we have a solid representation of it in our minds.
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Cocktail party effect
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the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, ignoring other conversations.[1] The effect enables people to talk in a noisy place. For example, when conversing in a noisy crowded party, people can still listen and understand the person they are talking with, and can simultaneously ignore background noise and conversations. Nevertheless, if someone calls out their name from across the room, people will sometimes notice (the own name effect).
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Color blindness
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the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to certain chemicals.
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Figure ground
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a property of perception in which there is a tendency to see parts of a visual field as solid, well-defined objects standing out against a less distinct background.
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Gate control theory
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suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that either block pain signals or allows them to continue on to the brain. Unlike an actual gate, which opens and closes to allow things to pass through, the "gate" in the spinal cord operates by differentiating between the types of fibers carrying pain signals.
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Gestalt perception theory
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form-generating capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves
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Eleanor Gibson
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popularly known for the "visual cliff" experiment in which precocial animals, and crawling human infants, showed their ability to perceive depth by avoiding the deep side of a virtual cliff. Along with her husband James J. Gibson, she forwarded the concept that perceptual learning takes place by differentiation.
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Habituation
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As humans, we get used to things. Something that is new and incredibly exciting can become boring. This tendancy to have decreased repsponsiveness to something is habituation (you might also hear someone say that you get habituated to something). For example, there may be a painting or picture you really like so you put it on the wall in your room. You see this picture every day, 10 times a day. Over time and repeated exposures to this picture you might start feeling like you've "seen it a million times" and it just doesn’t have the same effect on you that it used to. This is habituation.
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Homeostatic
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Humans seek balance in their lives. When things are out of order or imbalanced, it tends to cause problems. This is true particularly with regard to our internal state or well-being. Homeostasis refers to this tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state that is optimal for functioning. For example, you have a specific "balanced" or "normal" body temperature that is approximately 98.6 degrees. When there is a problem with the internal functioning of your body, this temperature may increase, signaling and imbalance. As a result, your body attempts to solve the problem and restore homeostasis; your normal body temperature.
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Binocular cues
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Humans are able to see things that are both far and near, and can actually identify where those objects are in space (meaning, they can determine if those objects are close or far away). This sort of depth perception requires both of our eyes, which is referred to as binocular cues (depth cues that requires both of our eyes).
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Bottom-up processing
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Bottom-up processing is also known as "small chunk" processing and suggests that we attend to or perceive elements by starting with the smaller, more fine details of that element and then building upward until we have a solid representation of it in our minds.
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Cocktail party effect
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the ability to focus one's listening attention on a single talker among a mixture of conversations and background noises, ignoring other conversations.[1] The effect enables people to talk in a noisy place. For example, when conversing in a noisy crowded party, people can still listen and understand the person they are talking with, and can simultaneously ignore background noise and conversations. Nevertheless, if someone calls out their name from across the room, people will sometimes notice (the own name effect).
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Color blindness
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the inability to perceive differences between some or all colors that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature, but may also occur because of eye, nerve, or brain damage, or due to exposure to certain chemicals.
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Figure ground
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a property of perception in which there is a tendency to see parts of a visual field as solid, well-defined objects standing out against a less distinct background.
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Gate control theory
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suggests that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that either block pain signals or allows them to continue on to the brain. Unlike an actual gate, which opens and closes to allow things to pass through, the "gate" in the spinal cord operates by differentiating between the types of fibers carrying pain signals.
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Gestalt perception theory
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form-generating capability of our senses, particularly with respect to the visual recognition of figures and whole forms instead of just a collection of simple lines and curves
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Eleanor Gibson
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popularly known for the "visual cliff" experiment in which precocial animals, and crawling human infants, showed their ability to perceive depth by avoiding the deep side of a virtual cliff. Along with her husband James J. Gibson, she forwarded the concept that perceptual learning takes place by differentiation.
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Habituation
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As humans, we get used to things. Something that is new and incredibly exciting can become boring. This tendancy to have decreased repsponsiveness to something is habituation (you might also hear someone say that you get habituated to something). For example, there may be a painting or picture you really like so you put it on the wall in your room. You see this picture every day, 10 times a day. Over time and repeated exposures to this picture you might start feeling like you've "seen it a million times" and it just doesn’t have the same effect on you that it used to. This is habituation.
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Homeostatic
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Humans seek balance in their lives. When things are out of order or imbalanced, it tends to cause problems. This is true particularly with regard to our internal state or well-being. Homeostasis refers to this tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state that is optimal for functioning. For example, you have a specific "balanced" or "normal" body temperature that is approximately 98.6 degrees. When there is a problem with the internal functioning of your body, this temperature may increase, signaling and imbalance. As a result, your body attempts to solve the problem and restore homeostasis; your normal body temperature.
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Just Noticeable Difference
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the minimum difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. For example, let's say I asked you to put your hand out and in it I placed a pile of sand. Then, I add tiny amounts of sand to your hand and ask you to tell me when you notice any change in the overall weight. As soon as you can detect any change in the weight, that difference between the weight of the sand before I added that last bit of sand and the amount of sand after I added it, is the just noticeable difference.
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Middle and inner ear functions
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The external ear has two parts: the "PINNA" which is the outside portion of the ear that is visible on the side of the head, and the "EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS" (ear canal) that extends from the pinna to the "TYMPANIC MEMBRANE" (abbreviated TM and is commonly referred to as the eardrum). The middle ear consists of an air-filled space between the tympanic membrane and the inner ear that contains three tiny bones linked together that connect the tympanic membrane to an opening into the inner ear. It also contains tiny ligaments and muscles that support and adjust tension of the bony chain. The inner ear is comprised of two functionally separate sections: The "VESTIBULAR" or balance part and the cochlea, which is the hearing part. These two parts are interconnected and each serves its own vital function.
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Monocular depth cues
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Cues of depth that can be detected by one eye instead of two. For example, size is a monocular clue. One doesn't need two eyes to tell how large an object is, and because of its size, how close it is perceived to be.
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Motion parallax
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provides perceptual cues about difference in distance and motion, and is associated with depth perception. As an example, if you're riding in a car, objects that are close to you seem to go by really quickly (for example, a road sign that you pass), but objects that are further away appear to move much more slowly.
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Opponent process theory of color
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tates that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. The three types of cones (L for long, M for medium and S for short) have some overlap in the wavelengths of light to which they respond, so it is more efficient for the visual system to record differences between the responses of cones, rather than each type of cone's individual response.
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Receptor sites
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A molecular site or the docking port on the surface of, or within, a cell, usually involving proteins that are capable of recognizing and binding with specific molecules.
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Rods and Cones
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There are two types of receptor cells in the human eye; the cones and the rods. The rods are the receptors in the eye which detect movement. Rods are also used in night vision.
The cones are receptor cells that help us see fine details of things and tend to help us see in situations where there is light or daylight. The majority of cones are in the center of the retina (we have approximately 6 million cones in each eye). When you squint to try to read or see something more clearly, what you are actually doing is focusing the image on this grouping of the cones in order to see the fine details. Cones also help us with color perception. |
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Selective attention
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I've always been somewhat bothered by this term because it seems somewhat redundant to me…see what you think. Selective attention is purposely focusing your conscious awareness onto a specific stimulus. This means that if you are in a noisy place with lots of people and you purposely pay attention to the person you are speaking with, you are engaging in selective attention. Easy enough, right? So how is this different from "paying attention" or simply "attention"? I know there are subtle differences, but it seems redundant to me.
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Semicircular Canals
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are three half-circular, interconnected tubes located inside each ear. The three canals are the horizontal semicircular canal (also known as the lateral semicircular canal), superior semicircular canal (also known as the anterior semicircular canal), and the posterior semicircular canal.
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Sensory adaptation
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We get used to things. This goes for lots of things in life including smells, sounds, sights, games, people, situations…seems like after a while we get used to everything.One reason we get used to everything is because of sensory adaptation, which is reduced sensitivity to stimulation that results from repeated presentations of that stimulation. For example, my car was in for service recently and the dealer gave me a rental to use while the car was being serviced. As soon as I got into the car I was overwhelmed by the smell of smoke (even though I asked for a non-smoking car). It stunk! But after driving the car for 30 minutes or so, I didn't really notice the smell. I got used to it because I was immersed in it. I experienced sensory adaptation.
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Signal Detection Theory
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I often like to change a complex psychological definition into a precise and clear one that everyone understands, but the definition for Signal Detection Theory is pretty straight forward. Here is one that I found in one of my texts: "Signal Detection Theory holds that the detection of a stimulus depends on both the intensity of the stimulus and the physical and psychological state of the individual." And that's really all it is....Your ability or likelihood to detect some stimulus is affected by the intensity of the stimulus (e.g., how loud a noise is) and your physical and psychological state (e.g., how alert you are).
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Top-down processing
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states that we form perceptions (or focus our attention) by starting with the larger concept or idea (it can even be the concept or idea of an object) and then working our way down to the finer details of that concept or idea. If you're the type of person who learns new ideas and concepts (or forms impressions) by starting first with the high-level aspects and then working your way down to the fine details, then you're a top-down processor.
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Transduction
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Technically speaking, transduction is the process of converting one form of energy into another. As it relates to psychology, transduction refers to changing physical energy into electrical signals (neural impusles) that can make their way to the brain. For example, your ears receive energy (sound waves) and transduce (or convert) this energy into neural messages that make their way to your brain and are processed as sounds.
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Turnbull
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Turnbull watched a primitive people who lived only in a jungle. He took one of them, Kenge, where he had never been before. Outside the jungle. Kenge had never seen distance before. The jungle was too dense.
Kenge thought some bison were insects. They looked small from so far away. Kenge thought they were small. Turnbull drove him to the giant bison. Kenge thought some magic had grown them from tiny to huge. |
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Vestibular System
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which contributes to balance in most mammals and to the sense of spatial orientation, is the sensory system that provides the leading contribution about movement and sense of balance. Together with the cochlea, a part of the auditory system, it constitutes the labyrinth of the inner ear in most mammals, situated in the vestibulum in the inner ear
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Weber’s Law
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related to the Just Noticeable Difference (also known as the difference threshold), which is the minimum difference in stimulation that a person can detect 50 percent of the time. But Ernst Weber noted that for people to really perceive a difference, the stimuli must differ by a constant "proportion" not a constant "amount".
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Young-Holtz trichromatic theory of color
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The theory that there are three sets of color-perceiving elements in the retina, red, green, and violet. Perception of the other colors arises from the combined stimulation of these elements.
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Agonist
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An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor of a cell and triggers a response by that cell. Agonists often mimic the action of a naturally occurring substance
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Alpha Waves
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Alpha waves are a type of brain wave that occur when a person is relaxed, but still awake. Alpha waves typically occur when you are falling asleep, as you pass from wakefulness into sleep (from wake into stage 1 sleep).
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Delta Wave
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A delta wave is a type of brain wave that is large (high amplitude) and slow (low frequency), and is most often associated with slow wave sleep (stages 3 and 4; often referred to as deep sleep). Delta waves, like other brain waves, are measured using an electro-encephalogram (EEG).
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Antagonist
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a type of receptor ligand or drug that does not provoke a biological response itself upon binding to a receptor, but blocks or dampens agonist-mediated responses.
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Aserinsky
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discovered the concept of REM sleep
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Circadian Rhythm
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Circadian rhythms are what people often refer to as your body's internal, biological clock. The typical human circadian rhythm occurs on a cycle of approximately 24 hours. However, the clock is not really functioning on time, but on body temperature. It is just that body temperature fluctuates on somewhat of a regular type of schedule, and so many people often believe that the circadian rhythms are time oriented instead of body temperature oriented. For example, your body temperature begins to increase in the morning (as you wake and start your day), then gets higher during the day while you are active, and begins to drop during the evening, producing feelings of fatigue and preparing for sleep.
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Depressants
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Depressants are drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow down body functions. Many people think that alcohol is not a depressant and actually makes them have more fun. However, what alcohol does is lower inhibitions, so you may act in ways you otherwise would not. Also, it diminishes your senses - makes you less alert, less attentive, less "sharp", essentially depressing the nervous system.
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Hallucinogens
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These are psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs that distort perceptions and produce sensory images (i.e., hallucinations) although there are no sensory stimuli that should produce such images.
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Hidden observer
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theory that a so-called "hidden observer" is created in the mind while hypnosis is taking place
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Insomnia
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Insomnia is a type of sleep disorder in which the person has trouble in one of the following areas of sleep: falling asleep, staying asleep throughout the night, or waking up to early and not going back to sleep. Insomnia is not as common as people often like to think. When you are having sleep problems toward the end of the semester for a week, this is not really insomnia. True insomnia occurs for extended periods of time and causes devastating effects on those who suffer from it. One of the big problems with sleep is that the more anxious you are, the less likely you will be to sleep. What often happens with sleep difficulties and insomnia is that a person has some problems falling asleep, they then begin to worry that the sleep problems will continue. Then when they go to bed, they are anticipating having sleep problems, they become anxious, and sure enough, they are unable to relax and fall asleep. It is a viscous cycle, and unfortunately, one of the ways to solve it is to reduce tension and stress; the exact things that result from the problems sleeping then cause additional sleep problems.
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Latent Content
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According to Freud, dreams have two types of content, each of which contains different meanings to the dreams. One of these type of content islatent content, which is the underlying, more hidden, but true meaning of a dream (as opposed to the manifest content). Freud believed that the latent content was somehow censored by the subconscious which was a way to protect us from the real meanings of the dreams. This was necessary because the dream content may be difficult for people to deal with, so people disguise the real meaning. However, Freud believed that when people were in conflict, if he could uncover or get to the latent content, then he could identify the person's problem and resolve their conflict.
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Manifest Content
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According to Freud, our dreams are important and meaningful in understanding the causes of our problems, hidden issues, and painful issues we can't face during wakefulness. Freud identified two types of content in our dreams; latent content and manifest content. Manifest content is all the parts of the dream that we remember (the actual content). It's not the stuff we associate with our dreams, but the actual story lines of the dreams.
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