Psych Thinking Exam 1

Front 1

premise

Back 1

If you are arguing the facts you are challenging the ___________.

Front 2

deductive reasoning

Back 2

What kind of reasoning tries to prove a conclusion with rigorous inescapable logic?

Front 3

deductive reasoning

Back 3

This statement is uses what type of reasoning?
"Given the following six number, the sum of both end values equals the sum of the middle two, the last is equal to the second minus the third and is one less than its only neighbor."

Front 4

deductive reasoning

Back 4

This question uses what type of reasoning?
"What classes do you need to graduate with a psychology degree?"

Front 5

deductive reasoning

Back 5

This question uses what type of reasoning?
"What grade on the final do I need get to make an A in the class?"

Front 6

Inductive generalization

Back 6

What type of inductive argument is this?
A generalization is probably true based on information about some members of a particular class

Front 7

Predictive argument

Back 7

What type of inductive argument is this?
A prediction defended with reasons

Front 8

Casual argument

Back 8

What type of inductive argument is this?
One that asserts or denies something is cause of something else.

Front 9

Statistical argument

Back 9

What type of inductive argument is this?
Evidence that some percentage of some group or class has some particular characteristic.

Front 10

Argument from analogy

Back 10

What type of inductive argument is this?
When two or more things are claimed to be alike in some relevant respect.

Front 11

- Inductive generalization
- Predictive argument
- Argument from authority
- Casual argument
- Statistical argument
- Argument from analogy

Back 11

Name 6 types of inductive arguments

Front 12

Inductive reasoning

Back 12

What is used more in psychology - inductive or deductive reasoning?

Front 13

- Purpose
- Questions
- Information
- Inferences/Conclusion
- Concepts
- Assumptions
- Implications/Consequences
- Points of View

Back 13

What are the 8 elements of thought?

Front 14

- Clarity
- Accuracy
- Precision
- Relevance
- Depth
- Breadth
- Logic
- Fairness
- Significance

Back 14

What are the 9 Universal Intellectual Standards?

Front 15

- Intellectual Humanity
- Intellectual Courage
- Intellectual Empathy
- Intellectual Autonomy
- Intellectual Integrity
- Intellectual Perseverance
- Confidence in Reason
- Fairmindedness

Back 15

What are the 8 Intellectual Traits?

Front 16

- Personal Attack
- Attacking the motive
- Look who's talking
- Two wrongs make a right
- Scare tactics
- Appeal to pity
- Bandwaggon argument
- Straw man
- Red herring
- Inappropriate appeal to authority
- Appeal to ignorance
- False alternatives
- Hasty generalization
- Slippery slope
- Weak analogy

Back 16

15 Types of Bad Arguments

Front 17

Scare tactics

Back 17

The type of argument that attempts to scare someone into believing something, rather than presenting relevant evidence or reasons.

Front 18

Appeal to pity

Back 18

The type of argument that attempts to evoke feelings of pity or compassion when such feelings are not relavent to the arguer's conclusion.

Front 19

Bandwagon argument

Back 19

The type of argument that appeals to a person's desire to be popular or part of the "in crowd", rather than to relevant reasons or evidence.

Front 20

Straw man

Back 20

The type of argument that distorts or misrepresents a person's position in order to make it easier to attack.

Front 21

Red herring

Back 21

The type of argument that tries to sidetrack an audience by raising an irrelevant issue and then claiming that the original issue has been effectively settled by the irrelevant diversion.

Front 22

Inappropriate appeal to authority

Back 22

The type of argument that cites a witness that is untrustworthy or is not an authorized on the situation.

Front 23

Appeal to ignorance

Back 23

The type of argument that claims that something is true because no one has proven it false.

Front 24

False alternatives

Back 24

The type of argument that poses a false "either/or" choice.

Front 25

Hasty generalization

Back 25

The type of argument that draws a general conclusion from a sample that is biased or too small.

Front 26

Slippery slope

Back 26

The type of argument that claims, without sufficient evidence, that a seemingly harmless action, if taken, will lead to a disastrous outcome.

Front 27

Weak analogy

Back 27

The type of argument that compartes things that aren't really comparable.

Front 28

- Analytic Philosophy and Logic
- Hypothetico-Deductive Method
- Pragmatism
- Psychoanalysis
- Critical Theory

Back 28

The 5 types of critical thinking

Front 29

- Authority
- Intuition
- Logic
- Nonsystematic observation
- Systematic observation and testing

Back 29

5 ways to get information

Front 30

Analytic Philosophy and Logic

Back 30

A type of critical thinking composed of the construction of good arguments and the deconstruction of bad ones.
Used in socratic philosophy

Front 31

Hypothetico-Deductive Method

Back 31

A type of critical thinking that uses the observation and experimentation of a phenomenon and coming to a conclusion based on that method.
a.k.a. The scientific method used in natural science and social science

Front 32

Pragmatism

Back 32

A type of critical thinking that constantly molds our ideas based on past experiences.
The idea behind democracy, social reform, and education.

Front 33

Psychoanalysis

Back 33

A type of critical thinking in which one arrives at a conclusion by self-reflection with a focus on understanding the influences that shape those ideas.
Used in Freudian thought.

Front 34

Critical Theory

Back 34

A type of critical thinking that Scrutinizes current ideas in order to reach a defined goal.
Used in the Marxist social theory and diversity/equality issues

Front 35

- Form theory
- Get hypothesis from theory
- Test hypothesis
- Get results
- Revise theory based on results

Back 35

Scientific Method (Empiricism)

Front 36

predictions

Back 36

Hypothesis has to make ____________.

Front 37

independent

Back 37

Hypothesis test has to be observable by ____________ studies.

Front 38

falsifiable

Back 38

Hypothesis testing has to have a fair opportunity for hypothesis to be supported or refuted, a.k.a...

Front 39

replicable

Back 39

A hypothesis test has to be able to be repeated, a.k.a...

Front 40

agree to a fair test

Back 40

When testing a hypothesis, all parties should be able to _______ to a _______ ________ before data are collected.

Front 41

previous

Back 41

New hypotheses must explain ________ data.

Front 42

evidence

Back 42

When testing a hypothesis, extraordinary claims need extraordinary ______________.

Front 43

simpler.
Occam's Razor

Back 43

If two theories explain the same events, the ________ one is more likely to be correct. This is known as _________ ________.

Front 44

refuted

Back 44

Just because a hypothesis is supported doesn't automatically mean that other rival hypotheses have been _________.

Front 45

supported

Back 45

A hypothesis should be able to attach itself to other already __________ theories.

Front 46

gradual

Back 46

Scientific advancements are generally _____________ rather than great leaps.

Front 47

supports or refutes

Back 47

vary rarely does a study prove or disprove a hypothesis; rather it _________ or _________ it.

Front 48

converging

Back 48

When testing a hypothesis it is best if you have __________ results; results coming from different directions or sources.

Front 49

time and equipment

Back 49

Testing take resources, including ________ & _____________.

Front 50

data

Back 50

Sometimes _______ is not tested correctly.

Front 51

beliefs & mind

Back 51

A disadvantage of getting information through an authority is that it's based on the the authority's __________, and the authority can change their _______.

Front 52

intuition & changes

Back 52

A disadvantage of getting information through intuition is that it's ___________, and intuition ___________.

Front 53

minds & change

Back 53

A disadvantage of getting information based on consensus is that it's based on many peoples' _________, and it can _________.

Front 54

biased, remember, & experiences

Back 54

A disadvantage of getting information information from casual observations and experience is that observations are easily ___________, our ability to _________ can be flawed, and different people have different ______________.

Front 55

system

Back 55

A disadvantage of getting information based on logic is that it can be tricky if you have a complex _________.

Front 56

observable

Back 56

A disadvantage of getting information through empiricism or systematic observation is that it must be ______________.

Front 57

study

Back 57

One _______ can't show everything.

Front 58

disprove

Back 58

One study typically doesn't ___________ an entire theory.

Front 59

observed

Back 59

You cannot study items that cannot be _____________ in some manner.

Front 60

behave & typical

Back 60

In psychology, you generally cannot tell how a specific individual will always _________, but can tell what a __________ person would do.

Front 61

- description
- prediction
- find variables that cause behavior
- explain behavior
- control behavior

Back 61

5 common goals of research

Front 62

Basic and Applied

Back 62

__________ research is the foundation to the building, and __________ research is the rest of they building. They need each other.

Front 63

- peer review
- repeated testing by independent groups
- reporting of conflict of interest

Back 63

3 protections to the scientific method

Front 64

- incorrectly stating methods
- falsifying results
- not reporting contrary findings
- improper use of statistics
- plagiarism and not giving credit to the other's ideas.

Back 64

5 crimes against the scientific method

Front 65

- practical
- valid
- ethical

Back 65

Research should be what three things?

Front 66

- construct validity
- interna validity
- external validity
- statistical conclusion validity

Back 66

Research should have what 4 types of validity?

Front 67

consent

Back 67

When doing research with humans watch out for involving people in research without their knowledge or ___________.

Front 68

participate

Back 68

When doing research with humans watch out for coercing people to ______________.

Front 69

participants

Back 69

When doing research with human _____________ watch out for deception.

Front 70

self-respect

Back 70

When doing research with humans watch out for leading the participant to commit acts that diminish their _____-_______.

Front 71

self-determination

Back 71

When doing research with humans watch out for violating the right to _____-__________: research on behavior control and character change.

Front 72

physical or mental

Back 72

When doing research with humans watch out for exposing the participant to __________ or ___________ stress.

Front 73

privacy

Back 73

When doing research with humans watch out for invading the __________ of the participant.

Front 74

benefits

Back 74

When doing research with humans watch out for witholding ___________ fromt participants in control groups.

Front 75

consideration and respect

Back 75

When doing research with humans watch out for failing to treat participants fairly and to show them ______________ and ___________.

Front 76

peer-reviewed

Back 76

_______-________ publications have been reviewed by independent experts, while non ______-________

Front 77

peer-reviewed

Back 77

journals are typically ________________, while magazines are typically not _______________.

Front 78

- Empirical
- Meta-analysis
- Review
- Theoretical

Back 78

________ sources gather data.
___________ sources statistically summarized multiple studies.
_________ sources summarize the state of literature.
____________ sources propose and expand theories, but do not gather data.

Front 79

books and edited books

Back 79

A _________ has the same author write the entire thing while in an _______ ______ different chapters are written by different authors.