Psych Test Three

Front 1

what are the big five traits?

Back 1

Openness, conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, neuroticism

Front 2

three parts of the mind

Back 2

conscious, preconscious, unconscious

Front 3

conscious

Back 3

immediate awareness for current events

Front 4

preconscious

Back 4

available to awareness (phone numbers)

Front 5

unconscious

Back 5

unavailable to awareness (infantile memories, repressed wishes, conflicts)

Front 6

three interacting personality structures

Back 6

id, superego, ego

Front 7

id

Back 7

releases energy according to pleasure priciple, present at birth, innermost core of personality, exists within unconscious

Front 8

superego

Back 8

moral arm of personality, strives to control the id's instincts

Front 9

ego

Back 9

direct contact with reality, on the conscious level, operates according to the reality principle

Front 10

5 stages of psychosexual development

Back 10

Oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital

Front 11

oral stage of psychosexual development

Back 11

during infancy, get satisfaction from eating and sucking, fixation leads to independency

Front 12

anal stage of psychosexual development

Back 12

pleasure focused on elimination of body wastes, ages 2-3, fixation leads to a negative, dominant adult

Front 13

phallic stage of psychosexual development

Back 13

ages 4-5, pleasure derived from sexual organs, identification with same-sex parent

Front 14

latent stage of psychosexual development

Back 14

sexually dormant

Front 15

genital stage of psychosexual development

Back 15

erotic impusles expressed in sexual relationships

Front 16

defense mechanisms

Back 16

Unconscious mental operations that deny or distort reality,
Used to reduce anxiety levels

Front 17

repression defense mechanism

Back 17

Anxiety-arousing memories, feelings, impulses prevented from entering consciousness

Front 18

denial defense mechanism

Back 18

Refusal to acknowledge an event or the emotions connected to it

Front 19

displacement defense mechanism

Back 19

Impulses are first repressed, then shifted (displaced) on to a more acceptable target

Front 20

intellectualization defense mechanism

Back 20

removing the emotional component of a situation and deal with it as an intellectually interesting event

Front 21

projection defense mechanism

Back 21

People disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Front 22

rationalization defense mechanism

Back 22

A false excuse to explain an anxiety arousing behavior that has already occurred

Front 23

reaction formation defense mechanism

Back 23

Unconsciously switch impulses into their opposites

Front 24

sublimation

Back 24

Taboo impulses channeled into socially desirable and admirable behaviors

Front 25

psychoanalysis

Back 25

FREUD, goal-help patients achieve conscious awareness of underlying problems

Front 26

free association

Back 26

Verbal reports of thoughts, feelings, or images that enter awareness without censorship

Front 27

transference

Back 27

Occurs when client responds irrationally to therapist like he or she was important figure from client’s past,
Brings out repressed feelings and maladaptive behaviors
POS-Transfer feelings of affection, dependency, love
NEG-Transfer irrational expressions of anger, hatred, disappointment

Front 28

resistance

Back 28

Defensive maneuvers that hinder the process of therapy,
Sign that anxiety-arousing material is being approached

Front 29

what are traits

Back 29

Stable cognitive, emotional, and behavioral characteristics
Factors that help establish individual identities
Summaries of attributes
Internal causes of behaviors

Front 30

self monitors

Back 30

high:Attentive to situational cues, Adapt behavior to what is most situationally appropriate

Front 31

eyesenck

Back 31

Two dimensions of personality:
Introversion-extraversion
Stability-instability

Front 32

Humanistic Approach

Back 32

rogers & maslow,
self: Organized, consistent set of perceptions about oneself
self-consistency: Absence of conflict among self-perceptions
congruence: Consistency between self-perceptions and experiences

Front 33

Rogers:
Unconditional positive regard
Conditional positive regard

Back 33

Unconditional Positive Regard
Child is inherently worthy of love, regardless of behavior

Conditional Positive Regard
Dependent on how child behaves

Front 34

self-esteem

Back 34

Sense of personal well-being, happiness, and adjustment
Fairly stable over lifespan
No sex differences
Related to positive behaviors and life outcomes

Front 35

Julian Rotter

Back 35

Expectancy concerning the degree of personal control we have in our lives

Front 36

internal locus of control

Back 36

Life outcomes are under personal control and depend on one’s behavior
(Behave in a more self-determined fashion
Achieve better grades
More resistant to social influence
Engage in more health-promoting behaviors; less depression, anxiety)

Front 37

external locus of control

Back 37

Luck, chance, powerful others affect fate

Front 38

Self-Efficacy (Bandura, 1997)

Back 38

Beliefs concerning ability to perform behavior to achieve desired outcomes
(Previous performance experiences
Observational learning
Verbal persuasion
High emotional arousal interpreted as anxiety or fatigue)

Front 39

Abnormal Behavior-3 D's

Back 39

Distress, Dysfunction, Deviance
-Behavior that is so:
Personally distressful
Personally dysfunctional
Culturally deviant
that others judge it as inappropriate or maladaptive

Front 40

Distress

Back 40

Judgments of abnormality most likely when distress is disproportionately acute or long-lasting

Front 41

Dysfunctionality

Back 41

either for individual or society

Front 42

Deviance

Back 42

from cultural norms

Front 43

DSM-IV

Back 43

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition
Most widely used classification system in U.S.

Front 44

DSM-IV Axes

Back 44

Axis I: Primary clinical symptoms
Axis II: Long-standing personality or developmental disorders
Axis III: Relevant physical conditions
Axis IV: Intensity of environmental stressors
Axis V: Coping resources as reflected in recent adaptive functioning

Front 45

Anxiety Disorders

Back 45

Frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them
Anxiety interferes with daily life
-Components of Anxiety Responses

Subjective-emotional-tension
Cognitive- worry
Physiological- increased heart rate
Behavioral- avoidance of feared situations

Front 46

generalized Anxiety Disorders

Back 46

Chronic state of diffuse, “free-floating” anxiety
Anxiety not attached to specific objects or situations

Front 47

Panic Disorder

Back 47

Panic occurs suddenly and unpredictably
Much more intense than typical anxiety

Front 48

Agorophobia

Back 48

Fear of open and public spaces from which escape would be difficult

Front 49

Social phobias

Back 49

Fear of situations in which evaluation might occur

Front 50

Phobias

Back 50

Strong and irrational fears of certain objects or situations

Front 51

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Back 51

Obsessions
Repetitive and unwelcome thoughts, images, or impulses
Compulsions
Repetitive behavioral responses
Cleaning
Checking
Counting
Hoarding

Front 52

Posttraumatic stress Disorder

Back 52

Severe anxiety disorder
Can occur in people exposed to extreme trauma

Front 53

Symptoms of PTSD

Back 53

Severe symptoms of anxiety, arousal, and distress
Reliving of trauma in flashbacks
Numb to world and avoidance of reminders
Intense “survivor guilt”

Front 54

Biological Factors in Anxiety

Back 54

Overreactive autonomic nervous system
Overreactive neurotransmitter systems involved in emotional responses
Overreactive right hemisphere sites involved in emotions

Front 55

Cognitive Factors

Back 55

Maladaptive thought patterns and beliefs
Exaggerated misinterpretations of stimuli

Front 56

Somatoform Disorders

Back 56

Involve physical complaints that suggest a medical problem
But no biological cause

Front 57

Hypochondriasis

Back 57

Great alarm about physical symptoms
Convinced of serious illness

Front 58

Conversion Disorder

Back 58

Serious neurological disorders suddenly occur
e.g., paralysis, loss of sensation, blindness

Front 59

Malingering

Back 59

fabricating or exagerrating symptoms

Front 60

Munchhausen's Syndrome

Back 60

fake disease, illness or psychological trauma in order to draw attention or sympathy to themselves

Front 61

Dissociative Disorders

Back 61

Breakdown of normal personality integration
Results in alterations to memory or identity

Front 62

Psychogenic Amnesia

Back 62

Response to stressful event with extensive but selective memory loss
-temporary

Front 63

Psychogenic Fugue

Back 63

Loss of all sense of personal identity
Establishment of new identity in a new location
Anne Heche- gf of Ellen degeneres found 118 miles away answering to the name celestia

Front 64

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Back 64

Formerly called multiple personality disorder
Two or more separate personalities coexist in the same person
causes: Trauma-Dissociation Theory
Development of personalities is a response to severe stress

Front 65

Mood Disorders

Back 65

Involve depression and mania
Most frequently experienced (with anxiety disorders) psychological disorders

Front 66

Major depression

Back 66

Intense depressed state
Leaves people unable to function effectively in their lives

Front 67

Dysthymia

Back 67

Intense form of depression
Less dramatic effects on personal and occupational functioning
More chronic than major depression

Front 68

Symptoms of Depression

Back 68

Negative mood
Cognitive symptoms
Motivational symptoms
Somatic (physical) symptoms

Front 69

Cognitive Symptoms of Depression

Back 69

Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
Low self-esteem
Feelings of inferiority
Blame selves for failures
Pessimism and hopelessness

Front 70

Motivational symptoms of Depression

Back 70

Inability to get started on task
Inability to perform behaviors leading to pleasure or accomplishment

Front 71

Somatic (Bodily) Symptoms of Depression

Back 71

Loss of appetite and weight loss in moderate and severe depression
Weight gain in mild depression

Front 72

Bipolar Disorder

Back 72

Depression alternates with periods of mania
Mania = Highly excited mood and behavior

Front 73

Genetic Factors of Mood Disorders

Back 73

67% concordance rate for identical twins; only 15% for fraternal twins (Gershon et al., 1989)
Genetic predisposition to mood disorder

Front 74

Brain Chemistry Factors of Mood Disorders

Back 74

Underactivity of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin in depression (Davidson, 1998)
Overactivity of neurotransmitters in mania?

Front 75

Psychological Factors of Mood disorders

Back 75

Early traumatic losses or rejections create vulnerability (e.g. Abraham, 1911; Freud, 1917, Brown and Harris, 1978)

Front 76

Humanistic Factors of Mood disorders

Back 76

Definition of self-worth in terms of individual attainment
React more strongly to failures; view failures as due to inadequacies
Experience of meaninglessness

Front 77

Environmental Factors of Mood disorders

Back 77

Poor parenting
Many stressful experiences
Failure to develop good coping skills
Failure to develop positive self-concept

Front 78

Sociocultural Factors of Mood Disorders

Back 78

Prevalence of depressive disorders less in Hong Kong and Taiwan than in the West
Feelings of guilt and inadequacy are highest in North America and Western Europe

Front 79

Diagnosis of Schizophrenia

Back 79

Misinterpretation of reality
Disordered attention, thought, perception
Withdrawal from social activities
Strange or inappropriate communication
Neglect of personal grooming
Disorganized behavior

Front 80

Delusions

Back 80

False beliefs that are sustained in the face of contrary evidence normally sufficient to destroy them

Front 81

Hallucinations

Back 81

False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality
Can be auditory or visual

Front 82

Positive Symptoms

Back 82

Bizarre behaviors such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered speech, thinking

Front 83

Negative Symptoms

Back 83

Absence of normal reactions
e.g., emotional expression, motivation, normal speech

Front 84

Subtypes of Schizophrenia

Back 84

Paranoid, Disorganized, Catatonic, and Undifferentiated

Front 85

Paranoid

Back 85

Delusions of persecution and grandeur

Front 86

Disorganized

Back 86

Confusion and incoherence
Severe deterioration of adaptive behavior

Front 87

Catatonic

Back 87

Motor disturbances from muscular rigidity to random or repetitive movements

Front 88

Undifferentiated

Back 88

Do not show enough specific criteria to be classified as paranoid, disorganized, or catatonic

Front 89

Personality Disorder

Back 89

Enduring pattern of experience and behavior that differs greatly from expectations of a person’s culture
Disorder is usually manifested in more than one of following areas: Thoughts, feelings, how a person gets along with others, and the ability to control own behavior
Pattern of behavior is rigid and displayed across a variety of situations, leading to distress in key areas of life such as work and relationships
Pattern of behavior typically has a long history in a person’s life, often back to adolescence or childhood

Front 90

Histrionic Personality Disorder

Back 90

Excessive attention seeking
Excessive and strong emotions
Sexually provocative
Opinions are shallow
Suggestible
Strong need for attention

Front 91

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Back 91

Need to be admired
Strong sense of self importance
Lack of insight into other peoples’
feelings or needs
Sense of entitlement
Feelings of superiority
Self-esteem appears strong, but is fragile
Envious of others

Front 92

Borderline Personality Disorder

Back 92

Instability of relationships,
emotions, and self-image
Fears of abandonment
Aggressive
Prone to self-harm
Strong emotions

Front 93

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Back 93

Psychopaths or sociopaths
3:1 male-female ratio
Lack a conscience
Fail to respond to punishment

Front 94

Psychological Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder

Back 94

Psychodynamic view: lack of a superego
Inability to develop conditioned fear responses when punished leads to poor impulse control
Modeling of aggression
Parental inattention to children’s needs (Rutter, 1997)

Front 95

negative state relief model

Back 95

ppl help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness

Front 96

bystander effect

Back 96

presence of others inhibits of helping

Front 97

pluralistic ignorance

Back 97

the state in which ppl mistakenly believe that their own feelings are different from those of others, even when everyone's behavior in the same

Front 98

diffusion of responsibility

Back 98

belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need

Front 99

audience inhibition

Back 99

reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers (ppl feel embarrased in a social setting)

Front 100

good mood effect

Back 100

effect whereby a good mood increases behavior

Front 101

social norm

Back 101

general rule of conduct reflecting standards of social approval and disapproval (standards of approved or disapproved behavior)

Front 102

norm of social responsibility

Back 102

moral standard emphasizing that people should help those who need assistance

Front 103

threat-to-self-esteem model

Back 103

theory that reactions to receiving assistance depend on whether help is perceived as supportive or threatening (receiving help is self supportive,-they feel appreciated and cared for, but self-threatened when teh recipeint feels inferior and overly dependent