Psych Test 4

Front 1

What are the 2 key states in mood disorders? What criteria must be met for each?

Back 1

depression: depressed mood most of the day nearly every day; decreased interest in pleasurable activities; weight loss/gain; insomnia/hypersomnia; psychomotor agitation/retardation; fatigue; feel worthless; difficulty concentrating; recurrent thoughts of suicide

mania: grandiosity; decreased need for sleep; excessively talkative (pressured speech); flight of ideas; distractible; excessive involvement in pleasurable acitivities

Front 2

What is hypomania? What are the criteria?

Back 2

moderate mania; same symptoms as mania but at a lower level of intensity, no poor judgment, very productive

Front 3

What are some examples of normal depression?

Back 3

grief, postpartum depression

Front 4

What are the criteria for Cyclothymic DO?

Back 4

cycle between hypomania and depression; symptoms at least 2 yrs in adults, 1 yr in children/adolescents

Front 5

What are the criteria for Dysthymic D/O?

Back 5

usually begins in childhood/adolescence; mild to moderate symptoms of depression; never without symptoms more than 2 mos.; 2 yrs adults, 1 yr children/adolescents

Front 6

What are the criteria for Major Depression?

Back 6

severe symptoms of depression lasting at least 2 wks; sometimes briefly appear to be psychotic

Front 7

What are the criteria for Bipolar I & Bipolar II (in general!)?

Back 7

Bipolar I - at least one manic episode; Bipolar II - at least 1 hypomanic episode

Front 8

What are the criteria for Schizoaffective D/O?

Back 8

primarily symptoms of mood d/o, but occasionally full-blown psychotic for about 2 wks

Front 9

What are some sociocultural factors related to depression (e.g., gender, stress)?

Back 9

women more at risk than men; diathesis-stress model

Front 10

What is the psychoanalytic explanation for depression?

Back 10

anger turned on the self

Front 11

What is the learning explanation for depression? How does it differ from the psychoanalytic explanation?

Back 11

reduced reinforcement due to separation/loss; differs based on reinforcement rather than anger issue

Front 12

What is the cognitive explanation for depression?

Back 12

talk ourselves into it with negative self-talk, pessimistic outlook, etc.

Front 13

What is learned helplessness?

Back 13

Seligman - when your actions repeatedly have no impact on the events in your life, you give up

Front 14

What is the genetic explanation for depression? the biochemical (i.e., neurotransmitters)?

Back 14

concordance rates (MZ = 40%, DZ = 11%); deficiency in neurotransmitter levels

Front 15

What are the 3 types of antidepressants?

Back 15

SSRI, tricyclic, MAOI

Front 16

What is used if medication is ineffective in the treatment of depression?

Back 16

ECT

Front 17

What medication is used to treat Bipolar D/O? How does it work?

Back 17

Lithium or Depakote; controls manic end of symptoms

Front 18

How do most people who experience suicidal ideation typically feel?

Back 18

ambivalent

Front 19

What is highly correlated with suicide?

Back 19

depression

Front 20

What is alcohol-induced myopia?

Back 20

restricted thought processes - near sighted, can't see anything in the future

Front 21

What are the 3 categories of suicide according to Durkheim? Define each.

Back 21

Egoistic - feel lost, without identity; isolated
Altruistic - want to further group goals; give up life for a higher cause
Anomic - dramatic imbalance in relationships with society; dramatic change in society leads to inability to cope with new status

Front 22

What do we know about children and adolescents who commit suicide? college students? elderly?

Back 22

children/adolescents: usually do it at home when someone is nearby
college students - tend to be older than the average student (about 4 yrs), more males, foreign students, foreign language/literature majors; higher GPAs
elderly - depression (spouse and friends dying, health, income, etc.)

Front 23

How do friends and family react to suicide according to Kubler-Ross?

Back 23

Denial - withdraw, close off feelings
Anger - experience grief, blame self, how could you
Acceptance - let go, regrets

Front 24

What issue was debated regarding suicide? Any resolution?

Back 24

right to die; no

Front 25

25) What is the primary symptom of schizophrenia?

Back 25

disruption of thought processes

Front 26

Be familiar with the history of schizophrenia--Kraepelin, Bleuler.

Back 26

Kraepelin - dementia praecox ("insanity at an early age," believed it was a biological cause)
Bleuler - schizophrenia ("split mind," person has gone to an inner world)

Front 27

What is the incidence of schizophrenia in the U.S.?

Back 27

1%

Front 28

What are the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia?

Back 28

Criterion A (at least 2 symptoms, at least 2 mos in current phase)

delusions (firmly held false beliefs)

grandeur (famous/powerful)
control (others trying to control you)
thought broadcasting (others hear your thoughts)
persecution (others plotting against you, want to kill you)
reference (everything that happens is related to you)
thought withdrawal (others removing thoughts from your mind)

hallucinations - auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory, gustatory
disorganized speech - derailment, neologisms
disorganized behavior - catatonic
negative symptoms

flat affect - little/no emotion
anhedonia - inability to feel pleasure
avolition - lack of motivation
alogia - lack of meaningful speech

Criterion B - social/occupational dysfunction
Criterion C - duration of symptoms at least 6 months total

Front 29

What are some of the problems in defining schizophrenia?

Back 29

criteria more exact now, so those diagnosed before 1980 may have a different diagnosis
inability to verify hallucinations
Laing - mythical construct (symptoms exist but what we call schizophrenia is really several different d/o's

Front 30

What are the most common subtypes of schizophrenia?

Back 30

paranoid & undifferentiated

Front 31

What are the criteria for Paranoid Schizophrenia?

Back 31

1+ delusions; frequent hallucinations (auditory); delusions of grandeur and persecution; gradual onset

Front 32

What are the criteria for Disorganized Schizophrenia?

Back 32

all symptoms in Criterion A are prominent; severe disorganization; delusions usually sexual, religious, or persecutory; become infantile (baby talk); silly smile; anal stage; obscene behavior

Front 33

What are the criteria for Catatonic Schizophrenia?

Back 33

A least 2 of the following:

motoric immobility(stupor), excessive motor activity, extreme negativism/mutism; peculiar movements; echolalia/echophraxia

waxy flexibility, sudden onset, primary symptom is motor disturbance, can be violent, aware of things while in stupor

Front 34

What are the criteria for Undifferentiated Schizophrenia?

Back 34

"wastebasket;" don't clearly fit one of the other 3 types

Front 35

What are the criteria for Residual Schizophrenia?

Back 35

recovered, but still showing some mild symptoms

Front 36

What are the criteria for Schizophreniform D/O?

Back 36

@ least 1 months of symptoms but < 6 mos

Front 37

What is the Rule of Thirds?

Back 37

1/3 have episode, hospitalized, discharged, never experience recurrence
1/3 repeatedly hospitalized
1/3 institutionalized

Front 38

What do twin studies tell us about schizophrenia?

Back 38

MZ = 28%, DZ = 6%

Front 39

What do adoption studies tell us about schizophrenia?

Back 39

moderate genetic effect; children of schizophrenic mothers may be schizophrenic, antisocial, incarcerated, MR

Front 40

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

Back 40

too much dopamine

Front 41

What have CAT scans and MRI's hypothesized about the cause of schizophrenia?

Back 41

enlarged ventricles

Front 42

What tends to occur in the families of children who later become schizophrenics?

Back 42

double bind communication

Front 43

What is Pervasive Developmental D/O?

Back 43

not psychotic; language, social relationships, attention, perception, and affect all severely affected; not developmental delay

Front 44

What are the criteria for Autism?

Back 44

CRITERIA: usually onset by 2.5 y.o.; 4-5x more likely in boys; aloof, no interest in others; restricted used of speech (echolalia), ritualistic behavior, stereotyped/repetitive behavior (spinning, hand flapping, head banging); attach to odd objects; need sameness; 75% MR

Front 45

Autism? Possible causes?

Back 45

CAUSES: Psychoanalytic--deviant parent-child interactions (Kanner--cold, unresponsive parent); CHICKEN & EGG

Family & Genetic Studies--2-9% of their sibs are autistic (100-200x > general population). Concordance rates--->MZ = 80-90%, DZ = 10%.; mothers who were "emotional refrigerators" (Kanner)

CNS Impairment--fragile X chromosome, tuberous sclerosis (congenital disease associated w/ brain tumors), NF, PKU, intrauterine rubella.

Biological--enlarged ventricles, but no clearly identifiable cause of the syndrome

Cognitive--perceptual deficits limit them to processing only one stimulus at a time

Front 46

Autism Treatment?

Back 46

TREATMENT: Drugs (Haldol, Fenfluramine), Behavior Modification for targeted behaviors

Front 47

What are splinter skills? an autistic savant?

Back 47

unusual talents (calendar, math, music, puzzles); an autistic with splinter skills

Front 48

What are the 3 other forms of P.D.D. now identified in DSM-IV?

Back 48

Rett's D/O, Childhood Disintegrative D/O, Asperger's D/O

Front 49

What is the prognosis for autism?

Back 49

poor generally speaking, better if they have good verbal skills

Front 50

What is the problem in diagnosing other childhood disorders?

Back 50

Requires clinician judgment; determining what is and is not age appropriate

Front 51

What are the 3 types of ADHD? Criteria?

Back 51

Hyperactive-Impulsive: high motor activity, short attention span, distractible, impulsive, no self-control
Inattentive: distractible, can't sustain attention, inattentive to detail, difficulty completing tasks, sluggish/daydream

Hint 51

Hyperactive-Impulsive, Inattentive, Combined

Front 52

When might we not notice a child is ADHD?

Back 52

one-on-one, novel situation

Front 53

How prevalent is ADHD? gender differences?

Back 53

3-6%, boys 3-9x more likely than girls

Front 54

What happens over time in ADHD?

Back 54

symptoms diminish beginning in adolescence

Front 55

What causes ADHD?

Back 55

NOT food additives!; probably multiple factors related to the central nervous system

Front 56

How might ADHD be treated?

Back 56

Ritalin/Cylert/Adderol/Strattera; behavior modification

Front 57

What are the criteria for Oppositional Defiant D/O?

Back 57

negativistic, argumentative, hostile, lose temper, defy rules, defy authority

Front 58

What are the criteria for Conduct D/O?

Back 58

aggressive/antisocial behavior (fighting, sexually promiscuous, assault, rape, truancy, vengeful, lie, steal, set fires, vandalism, homicide, torture animals

Front 59

What is the best treatment for Conduct D/O? Why doesn't punishment work?

Back 59

best treatment = remove from home plus social skills and problem solving training, parent management training
punishment doesn't work because it only intensifies the behavior (intermittent schedule of reinforcement in action)

Front 60

What are the criteria for Depression in childhood? causes? treatment?

Back 60

same as adult except aggressive rather than depressed; same causes and treatment

Front 61

What are the criteria for Anorexia Nervosa? typical onset? types? complications?

Back 61

criteria = @ least 15% below normal weight for height & age, excessive fear of gaining weight, distorted body image, miss 3 or more menstrual periods
typical onset = 12-18 y.o.
types = Restricting Type, Binge Eating/Purging Type
complications = cardiac arrhythmia, hypotension, damaged heart, anemia, cracked skin, hair loss, bowel/intestinal obstruction, menstrual irregularity (amenorrhea), osteoporosis, 5-8% die

Front 62

What are the criteria for Bulimia Nervosa? complications? accompanying feelings?

Back 62

binge eating @ least 2x/wk for 3 mos, purge, fear weight gain but normal weight
COMPLICATIONS: puffy face, eroded tooth enamel, mouth ulcers, cavities, esophagitis, tears in throat, small red dots under eyes, laxative dependence
FEELINGS: shame

Front 63

What is the treatment for Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa?

Back 63

Anorexia - hospital to gain weight, behavior therapy reinforcing weight gain, cognitive behavioral therapy for new coping strategies, family therapy
Bulimia - psychotherapy & antidepressants

Front 64

What are the criteria for Mental Retardation?

Back 64

IQ < 70; difficulties with adaptive functioning; < 18 y.o.

Front 65

What are the 4 levels of M.R.? associated terms & IQ ranges?

Back 65

Mild - Educable (50-70)
Moderate - Trainable (35-50)
Severe - Dependent (20-35)
Profound - Life Support (< 20)

Hint 65

MMSV

Front 66

What is an idiot savant?

Back 66

MR person with splinter skills

Front 67

What are the potential causes of M.R.?

Back 67

Down Syndrome, sensory & social deprivation, inadequate education

Front 68

What are the Specific Developmental D/Os (learning disabilities)? What are the criteria? treatment?

Back 68

Reading, Mathematics, Written Expression
IQ at least 15 points higher than achievement test
build on areas of strength for study skills/learning