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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hallucinations
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cognitive or perceptual distortions
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behavioral maladaptiveness
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individual's behavior is destructive to themselves or their social group.
- More than any other sign, harming the welfare of one's self or those close to them is most universally accepted as indicating an abnormal or behavioral state. |
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"normal" psychological states:
- voluntary control over behavior - self-esteem and acceptance - maintain affectionate relationships - maintain productivity |
efficient perception of reality, meaning an individual can form reasonable and realistic appraisals of themselves and the world around them
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voluntary control over behavior
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ex) many people drink but not everyone is an alcoholic
ex) people like fire in fireplace during winter but they're not pyromaniacs |
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self esteem and acceptance
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allows psychologically healthy people to be at ease around people and feel comfortable socially with others, to feel secure and unthreatened in social situations
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affectionate relationships
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- sensitive to others
- able to form interpersonal bonds - not excessively demanding |
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maintain productivity
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ability to channel energy and activity, even when the source is potentially negative (anger, fear, frustration) into useful and productive activity
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)
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- official criteria and classification system used by mental health professionals
- DSM-IV (1994), current edition; DSM-IV TR (2000) text revision; V will be in 2011 |
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Axis 1
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- lists acute clinical disorders (the problemthat has brought the patient in for treatment)
- ex) phobia, depression |
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Axis 2
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- long standing conditions
ex) developmental disorders ex) learning disabilities ex) mental retardation ex) personality disorders which might interact with the actue disorder on Axis 1 |
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Axis 3
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- medical conditions which might contribute or underlie Axis 1 disorder
ex) open-heart surgery patients often experience depression due to physical trauma of major surgery |
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Axis 4
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- social and environmental factors which may contribute to the order
ex) divorce ex) relocation (moving) ex) death in the family |
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Axis 5
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- Global Assessment of Functioning which scores how well the patient copes with the disorder on a day-to-day basis in a variety of situations and environments
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How many disorders does DSM-IV-TR describe?
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nearly 400 disorders
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anxiety disorders
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- source may or not be identified
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generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
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- unidentifiable source
- worry about major things as well as minor situatios like appointments, housework, haircuts, and parking - persistent, chronic, constant |
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panic disorder
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- unidentifiable source
- anxiety is very intense and debilitating - only very brief - sensations so severe, similar to heart attack - triggered by stressful situation, but often occur with no warning or reason - usually fine most of the day |
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phobia
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- anxiety is trigged by specific object or situation
- unreasonable fear, may interfere with daily life - can be simple (fear of 1 stimulus like dogs or heights), complex (fear of elevators, falling, tight enclosed spaces), social (fear of what might occur in the company of others like blushing, losing self control, public speaking) |
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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- sufferer experiences intrusive tghoughts (obsessions)
- these are only relieved by performing an often ritualistic act (compulsion) - anxiety generated by the obsession is relieved |
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
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- flashbacks (almost reliving it)
- long lasting - insomnia, nightmares, depression, emotional detachment |
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Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)
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- diagnosed 1 month after event
- amnesia, emotional detachment/numbing, depersonalization |
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Major depression
(unipolar) 2 types:: |
- exogenous
- endogenous |
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exogenous depression
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- triggered by events like death of a loved one, breakup, divorce, personal failure
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endogenous depression
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- no apparent triggering event
- due to genetic cause or malfunction in brain chemistry-- low levels of monoamines - may or may not respond to medication |
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involutional depression
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-unipolar
- found in late middle-aged/elderly - related to aging/physiological/psychological changes (e. less fitness, vigor, mental/physical abilities) |
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postpartum depression (PPD)
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- due to change in body's physiology such as hormones (end of pregnancy)
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seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
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- due to not enough sunlight
- light sensitive neurons in brain are part of circuits involved in hormonal regulation of sleep-wake cycle and don't function right |
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bipolar depression
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- swinging between mania (high mood/energy) and depression (lasts longer)
- treated by mood stabilizers, sometimes lithium - if manic phase prevented, then depression doesn't come |
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schizophrenia
("split mind") - 2 types: acute and chronic |
- "break" from reality
- disturbances of thought, attention, perception, affect (emotion) - motor impairments and withdrawal from reality |
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acute schizophrenia
(aka reactive schizophrenia) |
- not genetic
- occur in any time in life - from traumatic event - not responsive to meds - possible relapse after first time |
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chronic schizophrenia
(aka process schizophrenia) |
- genetic
- first occurs in late teens - early stages misdiagnosed as OCD or ADD - treatable after real diagnosis - goes into remission, regains clear thought - reoccurs through life with psychotic periods getting longer and clear periods getting shorter/less frequent |
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schiz- who is vulnerable?
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- less than 1% people
- at risk kids probably had:: birth complications, separated from mothers early, psycho fathers, behavior problems in school, lags in visual/motor abilities |
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schiz- 2 clusters of symptoms::
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- Type 1 (positive symptoms)
- Type 2 (negative symptoms) - patients have a little of both |
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Type 1 (+)
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- symptoms are "added"
- hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior, confused thinking - people function ok in social/educational setting before signs - symptoms related to overactive dopamine transmission - stimulant drug abusers (coke, amphs) develop stimulant-induced psychosis that is indistinguishavle from schiz - BUT symptoms subside after detox |
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Type 2 (-)
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- reflect deficits from normal mental state
- poverty of speech, emotional unresponsiveness, seclusiveness, impaired attention - history of poor social functioning - NOT responsive to anti-psychotic meds - due to brain damage before birth - evidence- 1957 flu in Helsinki, Finland-- pregnant woment had flu in bab's 2nd trimester so dev schiz |
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- CAT - computerized axial tomography
- MRI - magnetic resonance imaging |
- CAT/MRI show larger ventricles in brain in schiz (suggests diffuse neuronal damage, cell loss)
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- PET - positron emission tomography
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- show brain metabolic activity
- during psychotic episode, frontal lobes of schiz are less metabolically active than during clear period - schiz have more D2 receptors - D1 and D5 are similar and are in D1 family - D2, D3, D4 receptors are in D2 family |
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personality disorders
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- part of DSM-IV axis II
- rifgid long term patterns of thought/action - recognizes 10 personality disorders, especially BPD and ADP |
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BDP
(borderline personality disorder) |
- INTENSE emotional instability and psycho symptoms
- women 3 times more likely than men to get it - difficulty in personal relationships - manipulative, emotionally needy to avoid abandonment - consumers of outpatient mental health services |
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ADP
(antisocial personality disorder) |
- sociopath/psychopath
- more common in men - in boys, possibly: bedwetting, cruelty to ani mals, pyromania - in severe cases: no conscious, guilt, empathy, concern for others - thrill-seeking, impulsive, no physiological anxiety/arousal - insincere niceness, well-mimicked behaviors to fulfill wishes - con-artists, serial killers |
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Dissociative disorders
- dissociative amnesia - dissociative fugue - dissociative identity disorder |
- certain thoughts, emotions, memories, separated from awareness
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dissociative amnesia
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- can't recall important personal info
- sudden loss of memory due to stressful event - long/short term, recovery sudden/gradual - when amnesia state ends, sufferers recall the entire past |
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dissociative fugue
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- travel away from home and change identities
- when fugue state ends, sufferers regain old memories but fugue memories are lost |
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DID
(dissociative identity disorder) (multiple personality disorder) |
- 2 or more distinct identities/personalities
- take control of person's behavior - can't recall/shre memories between memories - coping mechanism for severe childhood trauma |
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childhood disorders::
- ADHD - PDD |
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- pervasive developmental disorder (includes autism) |
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ADHD
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- common in boys
- inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity - disturbances in behavior/cognitive function similar to patients with frontal lobe impairments - slow learning due to deficits in attention to stimuli or deficits in expression of learned behavior - impaired memory (verbal/spatial) - working memory essential for goal-directed learning and behavior management because maintains representation of events or stimuli after they have passed - ADHD brains have structural abnormalities in frontal cortex and basal ganglia (FC/BG) circuit - reduced volumes in frontal cortex, caudate and globus pallidus - hypofunction of FC/BG circuit - reduced white matter of frontal loves and regional blood flow to caudate - in behavioral (go/no go) task, had abnormal frontal-striatal activity - treated with indirect catecholamine agonists - associated with alleles of specific dopamine related genes - D2, D4, DAT1 all present in variations |
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autisitic/PDD children
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- little responsiveness to others or outside world
- impaired verbal/nonverbal communication - restricted range of interests - obsessed with rituals/order - PDD kids may be high functioning |
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Temple Grandin
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- has PDD
- Ph.D. in animal science, professor at Colorado State University - internationally known on design and construction of humane and low-stress livestock handling facilities - descrives dealing with PDD as effort to deal with sensory stimulation - sensory stimuli we filter out was intense/intrusive to her and ovession with ritual/order was attempt to cope with an expereince that felt toher like sensory overload |
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PDD myth
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- people with PDD are not typically savants (they don't have extraordinary mental or artistic skills as depicted in Rain Man)
- PDD and savant abilites are 2 separate conditions but can occur together - real-life person Rain Man was based on, Kim Peek, isn't autistic but lacked a corpus callosum which normally connects the 2 hemispheres of the brain - his savant abilites might be due to his brain's compensatory changes to deal with the lack of a corpus callosum |
