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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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AJ
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Mneumonist "Autobiographical"
*says she can feel the memory |
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Have a problem functioning in everyday life
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Savants
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3 Fundamental Types of Learning
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1. Encoding
2. Storage 3. Retrieval |
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Organizing & Transforming incoming info so that it can be entered into memory to be stored or compared w/ previously stored info
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Encoding
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Process of retaining info in memory
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Storage
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Process of accessing info stored in memory
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Retrieval
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3 Memory Stores
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1. Sensory
2. Short Term 3. Long Term |
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Each memory system has a:
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Duration & Capacity
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How long memories last
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Duration
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How much info can be stored
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Capacity
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*Lingurs
*Very Short (less thatn 1 sec) *Automatic |
Sensory Memory
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Holds seperate visual images so you can see the continous loop
*Example: Glow Stick |
Iconic Memory
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Made a memory test for sensory memory (1960)
*Letters flashed quickly *Write down all letters |
George Sperling
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Has a large capactiy & short duration
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Sensory Memory
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Auditory form of sensory memory
*Continue to hear sound after finishes |
Echoic Memory
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*Short duration (30 secs)
*Small capacity (7 +/- 2 items) |
Short-Term Memory
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*Useful for remembering telephone numbers
*Language use *Getting info to long-term memory |
Short-Term Memory
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How to increase capacity of Short-Term Memory
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Chunking
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How to increase duration of Short-Term Memory
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Rehersal
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Stores info that underlies the meaning of pics, words & objects, as well as your memories of everything you have done.
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Long Term Memory
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3 Parts of Long Term Memory
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*Diff Sensory Modalites
*Verbal Info *Motor Memories |
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This memory's storage capacity is so large that some researchers have questioned whether it has a limit.
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Long Term Memory
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*Showed 600 photos then tested recognition.
*99% right after 2 hrs. *87% after a week. |
Shepard (1967)
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If its not in ________ then its lost forever
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Long Term Memory
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You can't retrive info from this memory
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Short-Term Memory
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Experiments with STM & LTM, proved they were distinct, & operate differently
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Ebbinghau's (1885)
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Conscious awareness, easy to verbalize. Includes Semantic and episodic.
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Explicit Memory
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conscious awareness, hard to verbalize. Includes skill or habits
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Implicit memory
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word meanings (a dog is an animal), concepts (heat rises)
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Semantic
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events that occurred to you (buying a dog), include context(when,where)
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Episodic
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3 Implicit memories
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1. Classical conditioned responses
2. Habit 3. Priming |
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well learned response that is carried out automatically
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Habit
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The result of having just performed a task that facilitates repeating the same or associated task
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Priming
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Implicit Memory
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H.M.
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Memory includes a central executive that operates on information in one of the STM’s to plan, reason and problem solve.
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Working Memory
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Called the Articulatory loop. Is like a tape recorder, sound fades when not being played. Rehearsal is important
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Verbal STM
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like an ink pad that you stamp briefly retains mental images
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Visuospatial Sketchpad
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Information moves through each memory store
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Encoding
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can be stored in different formats based on anticipated use
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Memories
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*Is the strengthening of memories
*Results from frequent or long term use *New memories are dynamic |
Consolidation
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*Memories are structural
*Explicit memories occurs in the hippocampus (HM no new memories, but could recall events 11 years before operation) |
Consolidation
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*Is a type of mental representation, or internal re-representation of a stimulus or event
*Memories can be stored in different formats based on anticipated use |
Code
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Based on sensory characteristics
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Shallow
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Based on meaning
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Deep
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Leads to better memory
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Complex Processing
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Plays a key role in what is encoded in memory
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What you pay attention to
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Repeating info
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Simple Encoding
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Creating connections to existing knowledge
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Elaborative Encoding
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Leads to better memory (how well you integrate and organize the material)
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Elaborative Encoding
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Consolidation of explicit memories occurs in the _____ (HM no new memories, but could recall events 11 years before operation)
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Hippocampus
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Emotionally charged, episodic memories
*Sept. 11, Kennedy assassination, birth of sibling *Very vivid and accurate *High level of confidence *But accuracy does decrease over time |
Flashbulb Memories
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The Capital of Spain
To explode a bomb See through |
Tip of the Tongue
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Is a constructive process
*Not like a DVD *Biases and expectations can influence memory |
Memory
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Memories of events that didn’t occur
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False Memories
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Intentionally bringing LTM into STM
*Who was Carter’s vice president? *Essay tests demand recall |
Recall
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Matching input to a stored memory
*Was Mondale Carters vice president? *Multiple choice tests demand recognition |
Recognition
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Typically harder
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Recall
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*The ability to solve problems well and to understand and learn complex material
*Key aspect is the ability to adapt to the environment *Associated with mental quickness |
Intelligence
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*Score on an intelligence test
*Meaning has changed over time |
IQ: Intelligence Quotient
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*Developed first intelligence test
*Identify students who need extra help *Test many children at each age *Compare individuals to "normal" scores *Mental Age *Chronological Age |
(1904-1911) Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
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*American Version of Binet-Simon Test
*Stanford-Binet test for age 2 to adult |
Lewis Terman (Stanford University)
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*Wechsler Ault Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
*Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) *Performance & Verbal Subtests |
David Wechsler
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Calculating IQ
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Willian Stern, German Psychologist
IQ = Mental Age/Chron Age x 100 |
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Compare individual to standardized sample
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Modern Approach
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A good test must be what
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Valid & Reliable
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Test produces consistent results
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Reliability
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*Test measures what it is supposed to
*Do IQ test really measure intelligence, or do they measure the ability to solve problems well & learn complex material |
Validity
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High IQ tends to be related to_____
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achievement
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*Crystalized intelligence
*Fluid intelligence |
Raymond Cattell
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Reasoning/Problem Solve
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Fluid Intelligence
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*Crystallized intelligence doesn't matter
*Fluid intelligence tends to decrease |
Aging
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8 or 9 forms of intelligence
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Howard Gardner
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3 Forms of Intelligence
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Robert Sternberg
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Learn & Write & dot math
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Analytic Intelligence
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Knowing how to fix things, street smarts
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practical intelligence
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Novel solutions to problems
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Creative Intelligence
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*Some overlap w/ pratical intelligence
*Knowing your emotions *Managing your feelings *Self-Motivation *Recognizing other's emotions *Handling relationships *Women tend to have higher EIQ than Men |
Emotional Intelligence
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*Avg. IQ increases 3 pts. every 10 yrs
*IQ tests are periodically re-normed *Effect may be increasing *IQ increases, G accounts for less variability *Strong effect on tests free of cultural bias |
The Flynn Effect
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Head Start & Similar Projects
*Most show only short-term IQ gains *Most gains evaporate over time |
Educational Programs & IQ
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*Intellectual, Medical , and nutritional enrichment
*5 yrs before kindergarten *Long-term 5 point IQ boost |
Abecedarian Project
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Are correlated w/ speed of info processing
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High IQ's
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Is corelated w/ working memory
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IQ
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*IQ is less than 70 or impairments in two aspects of everyday
*4-7 million Americans |
Mental Retardation
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Islands of Excellence
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*Savants (Rainman)
*Williams Syndrome |
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Large Vocab & detailed knowledge of facts
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Williams Sydrome
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Extra chromosome during conception
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Down Syndrome
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Affects X chromosome, genetic & inherited
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Fragile X Syndrome
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Genetic Influences
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*Down Syndrome
*Fragile X Syndrome *Autism |
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Environmental Influences
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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Retardation caused by excessive drinking
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
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*IQ of 150-180
*Prodigies *Childhood vs. Adulthood |
The Gifted
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Immense talent in particular domain
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Prodigies
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*A set of characterisitcs that are consistent across time & situations. They distinguish individuals from eachother.
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Personality
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Consistent characteristics exhibted across a range of situations
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Personality Traits
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Neuroticism
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Emotionality
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The Big 5 Traits
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O.C.E.A.N.
Openness to Experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
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The Three-Factor Theory of Personality (Hans)
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P.E.N.
Psychoticism Extraversion Neuroticism |
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Measuring Personality
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Interviews & Observations
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Structured set of questions (can be modified)
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Interviews
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Focuses on behaviors, not thoughts
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Observation
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3 types of personality tests
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1) 16 PF - Raymond Cattell
2) MM PI - 2 3) Neo Personality Inventory - R |
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Responses categorized into 16 personality factors
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16 personality factors - Raymond Cattell
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Is commonly used to assess psychopathology (567 questions T/F)
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MM PI - 2
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Assesses 30 personality traits along w/ 5 factor model
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Neo Personality Inventory
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A method used to assess personality & psychopathology that involves asking the test taker to make sense of ambiguous stimulus
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Projective Test
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Developed by Herman Rorschach (1884-1922) using 10 diff inblots
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Rorschach
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Thematic apperception test (TAT) was by whom?
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Henry Murray (1930)
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Used detailed black & white drawings, often with people in them, tell a story
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(TAT) Thematic Apperception Test
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If only I could...
I secretly wish... |
The Rotter Sentence Completion Stems
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*Innate tendacies to behanve in certain ways
*Determined by age 3 *Correlation between this at infancy and adulthood *Example: Sensation Seeking |
Temperament
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All behavior has psychological cause
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Psychological Determinism
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Normal Awareness
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Conscious Mind (Ego)
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Easily brought to consciousness
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Preconscious Mind (Superego)
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Hidden thoughts and desires
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Unconscious Mind (Id)
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*Present at birth
*Home to sexual & aggressive drive *Governed by the pleasure principle *Think Homer Simpson |
The Id
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*Develops in childhood
*Home to morality & conscience (right/wrong) *Internalize values of parents & society, as child, always remains childlike in nature. *Governed by the ego ideal *Tries to prevent expression of Id's sexual & aggressive impulses *Think Ned Flanders |
The Superego
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*Develops in childhood (b4 Superego)
*Acts as ref between Id & Superego *Governed by the reality principle - what is realistically possible in the world *Helps solve problems |
The Ego
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*Proposed 5 stages of development
*We must pass through psychosexual stages -Each stage focuses on how we recieve pleasure *Failure to pass through stage = Fixation |
Freud: Personality Development
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Birth to 1.5 years
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Oral Stage
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Constintaly put things in mouth
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Oral Reception
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Bitters & Chewers
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Oral Aggression
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1.5 to 3 yrs
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Anal Stage
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Stubborn
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Anal Retentive
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Distructive, Emotional Outburst
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Anal Expulsive
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3 to 6 yrs (boys differ from girls)
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Phallic Stage
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Boys - Love mother - Kill father
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Oedipus Complex
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Girls - Love father - Kill mother
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Electra Compley
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6 to Puberty
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Latency Period
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Puberty Onward
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Gential Stage
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Unconscious attempts to silence the Id
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Freud: Defense Mechanisms
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Deny bad thoughts
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Denial
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Emotions are rationalized
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Intellectualization
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Put thoughts onto someone else
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Projection
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Rationalize/Justify
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Rationalization
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Do the opposite
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Reaction Formation
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Anxiety inducing thoughts (forget)
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Repression
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Make sociably acceptable
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Sublimination
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