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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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learning theory is also known as?
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the behavior theory
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who is famous for studying classical conditioning?
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Pavlov;
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what is classical conditioning?
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form of learning in which a response elicited by a NATURAL stimulus becomes elicited by a NEUTRAL stimulus.
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learned stimulus=
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condition
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what did Pavlov do?
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he was a psychologist studying digestion in dogs
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unlearned response=
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unconditioned
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explain UNconditioned stimulus & unconditioned response
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Unconditioned Stimulus= stimulus that naturally produces a response (food)
unconditioned response =a naturally occurring response to the the uncondit. stimulus |
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explain conditioned stimulus & conditioned response
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CS= NEUTRAL stimulus that after conditioning elicit the desired response (ring bell automatically salivate)
CR= the learned response to the CS (salivation) |
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how did Pavolv get dogs to salivate every time they heard the bell?
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he paired food & the sound of the bell together every time he feed them.
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who is Watson & what is his famous experiment called?
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extremist who claimed he can condition a baby to be anything we wants.
Little Albert is the experiment where he made a baby fear white rats by making loud noise in his ear |
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what happened to Little Albert?
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his fear generalized; he became fearful of white dogs, white stuffed animals & santa clause because of beard.
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what is operant conditioning?
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form of learning; consequences of behavior effect the probability of its occurrence
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what are the 2 key steps in operant conditioning?
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behavior comes first, then consequences
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reinforcement ______
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increases behavior
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which type of conditioning;
not naturally afraid of dogs but if once bitten you make association of experience & fear all dogs? |
classical conditioning
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Punishment ________
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decreases behavior
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Explain difference btwn Positive & Negative REINFORCEMENT & give example
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Pos=adds to situation(increase behav)
ex/ if you get all A's you will get $50 Neg=removes from situation ex/ if class get 100 on test then no homework for a week |
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Explain difference btwn Positive & Negative PUNISHMENT & give example
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Pos=something getting added
ex/ if you talk back then you have to wash dishes neg= something taken away ex/ if you don't do your homework then you cant watch cartoons |
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techniques to increase behavior are examples of? & definition
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reinforcements;
Reinforce successive approximations of the target behavior each time they occur |
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what is shaping behavior? aka aka successive approximations
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shape the target response out of behavior;
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what is the Premack Principle & also known as
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grandma rule;
Using more preferred activity as reinforcer for less preferred activity EX/ if you eat your vegetables you can have desert |
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what is Token Economies?
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give person a token of no value to trade in for things with value
ex/ get Stars for good behavior then end of week trade in for prizes. |
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techniques to decrease behavior is EX/ of?
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punishment
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2 key steps in pos. reinforcement
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1. timing-has to be right after bad behavior
2. has to be sufficient (consistent) |
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Ellen has temper tantrum & her mom hugs her to soothe her. this is example of? & what will likely happen
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pos reinforcement;
frequency of tantrums will increase because something positive occurs (her mom hugging her) |
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Ellen has tantrum & her mom tells her she doesn't have to clean her room. Example of & what will happen?
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neg reinforcement;
tantrums will increase response because something neg is removed or not occurring |
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what should ellens mom have done to make her behavior decrease?
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given her punishment not reinforcement; ex/ time out
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____ involves an association btwn a response & resulting consequence
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operant conditioning
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______reinforcing conequences occurs only if the response being conditioned has just been emitted
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opernt conditioning
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extinction
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process of unlearning a learned response
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what is learning?
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lasting change in behavior that results from experience.
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the critical step in classic cond. is that the uncondit. stimulus &______ be closely associated in time
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Conditioned stimulus (the natural response (US & the neutral)
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who studied classic condit in the US while Pavlov studies in Russia?
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Watson
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what is a primarily reinforcer?
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occur naturally and do not need to be learned
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what is a secondary reinforcer?
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are learned thru classical conditioning;;;;;
stimulus reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer. |
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what is a fixed ration schedule?
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reinforcer is given after a specified # of responses
EX/ trophy for NBA finals, superbowl) |
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what is a stimulus discrimination?
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ability to differentiate between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that have not been paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
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what is social cognitive theory?
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learning by observing others & the consequences of that behavior
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what is language?
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language is a function of communication; socially shared
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Whorfian hypothesis is also known as?
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linguistic relativity hypothesis
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who popularized the term intelligence & when?
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Galton in the 1800/s
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what is the best definition of intelligence?
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intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure
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who started the 2-factor theory?
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Charles spearmen
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what is the G factor?
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general intelligence
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what is the S factor?
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specific abilities
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who started the 7 Primary Mental abilities?
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Louis Thurstone
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who started the Fluid & Crystallized intelligence?
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James Cattell
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what is fluid intelligence?
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-mental flexibility
-abstract reasoning -peaked in early 20's |
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what is Crystallized intelligence?
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-accumulated knowledge
-verbal ability -increase with age |
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who started the Triarchy Theory?
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Robert Stemberg
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what are the 3 steps in the triarchy theory?
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1. analytical (componential)
2.creative (experiential) 3. Practical (contextual) |
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cognitive theory theory focuses on?
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mental processes
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3 stores of memory
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1. sensory register
2. short term memory 3. long term memory |
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sensory register
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entry point of incoming info from senses
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how long does visual sensory register last?
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last 1 seocns 1
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how long does auditory last?
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2-4 seconds
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what is semantic memory?
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memory for facts; encyclopedia
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what is procedural memory?
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memory for skills;
ex/ not riding a bike in years but when you do you still remember how t ride the bike |
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what is natural stimulus?
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US-unconditioned stimulus
UR - unconditioned response |
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what is NEUtral stimulus?
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conditioned stimulus
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B.F Skinner is associated with?
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shaping
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what did Bandura discover?
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that modeling demonstrates cognitive learning; kids learn from others
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what is a learned response?
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conditioned response
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what is stimulus generalization?
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tendency for similar stimuli to elicit the same response
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what is the bobo doll experiment?
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BANDURA found that kids that watched adults play aggressively with bobo doll they did the same
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what is vicarious reinforcement?
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ppl imitate behavior of models in high status, have money etc because they assume their behavior led them to reinforcement
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what is removal punishment?
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negative punishment
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what is presentation punishment?
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positive punishment
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what is the Stage Theory of Memory?
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we store memories in 3 separate but linked places
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what are the 3 steps in Stage Theory of Memory?
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1. sensory register
2. short term memory 3. long term memory |
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describe what happens in each stage
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1. sensory register= 1st stage, hold copy until processed last 1second for visual, 2-4 auditory
2. short term; 5-9 bits of info can be stored for 1min. 3. |
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what is chunking?
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units of memory; organizing info into categories to be memorized
ex/ 20071998 <-- just remember 2007, 1998 |
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what is rehearsing?
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repeating info in short term to retain longer in short term memory
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what is serial learning aka serial position effect?
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ppl are better at recalling the beginning & end of lists
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what is the Level of Processing Model?
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diff btwn short/long term memory is based on how incoming info is processed & encoded; NO diff stages like stage theory says
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what is shallow processing?
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encodes superficial info
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what s deeper processing?
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encodes meaning
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what is the interference theory?
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forgetting new or old info because similar memories interfere
ex/ using widows 7 the using windows 98 |
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what is the reconstruction theory aka schema theory?
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info in LTM changed over time to be consistent with belief, knowledge
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what is the diff btwn what is PROactive interference & RETROactive interference?
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PROactive=interference by memories from prior learning
RETROactive=interference created by memories from |
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bob tells you his room # and you memorize it. Then Kate tells you her room # and you cant remember. What kind of interference is this?
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PROactive. Kate # was blocked because the # before it interfered.
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Motivated Forgetting theory
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forgetting info because upsetting or threatening. (repress memory)
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flashbulb memories
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extreme emotion events are more vivid & accurate
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intelligence
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cognitive abilities to understand complex concepts & reason well.
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Deviation IQ
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score is based on how far you deviate from the average score
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Ratio IQ
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ratio btwn person metal age & chronicle age
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why are IQ tests important?
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they predict future success
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what is the Flynn effect
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IQ test scores have risen each generation
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7 plus or minus 2 refers to?
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short term memory storage
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what is episodical long term memory?
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own personal skills (( put it in diary)
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how to get from short term to long term memory?
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most encode info
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when you verbalize Long term memory what are the steps?
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LT to working memory (ST) then to sensory register
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observational learning is the same as?
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vicarious learning, social learning, or modeling
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what is syntax?
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grammatical rules of a language
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what is validity?
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has no single agreed definition
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standardization
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consistancy in how tests are administered & scored
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reliability
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consistently get same results
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