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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sensory memory
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bottom-up processing, brief vis. aud., rapid decay to prevent info overload
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short term/working memory
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lasts several seconds, (7+ or -2) units of info, chunking (recording)
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long term memory
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could last from minutes to forever, unlimited capacity, semantic encoding dominates
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primacy effect
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when given a list, first items are remembered more easily
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recency effect
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when given a list, most recent items are most easily remembered
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Visuospatial sketchpad and articulatory loop
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need answer
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flashbulb memory
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unusually vivid memory of a dramatic event, can be distorted over time
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semantic memory (declarative memory)
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concepts, words, facts about the world
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episodic memory (declarative memory)
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memories of events, personal past experiences
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implicit memory (non-declarative memories)
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automatic, not requiring conscious attention
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brain structures involved in memory
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prefrontal cortex (working memory), hippocampus (spatial memory), temporal lobe (declarative memory), amygdala (fear learning), cerebellum (motor action learning and memory
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retrograde amnesia
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loss of or disturbance of long term memories
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anterograde amnesia
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long term memories intact, can't learn new facts or memories
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H.M.
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had temporal lobe removed (thalamus), had anterograde amnesia; could learn names through associations
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network theory of memory
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need answer
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Long term potentiation (LTP) as mechanism for memory
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the strengthening of the synaptic connection so that postsynaptic neurons are more easily activated
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Research on how beta blockers affect memory for negative emotional events
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need answer
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Research on erasing memories in mice – what they found
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rats learned where not to step to get shocked; beta blockers made them lose the ability to store that memory
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consolidation
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getting new memories into long term storage; can take years
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reconsolidation
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process of recalling and re-storing a memory; can lead to changing the original memory
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"g" general intelligence
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writing, math, problem solving, verbal; score high in one area tend to score high in others (consists of fluid and crystallized intelligence)
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fluid intelligence
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reasoning measured by non-verbal problems; info processing
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crystallized intelligence
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knowledge acquired through experience; vocab, cultural info, etc.
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Sternberg's ideas on intelligence
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says three forms of intelligence:
analytic intelligence practical intelligence (common sense) creative intelligence |
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stereotype threat
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when SAT test was described as a diagnostic, black students performed poorly; when not described as diagnostic equal scores
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Gardner's theory on multiple intelligence
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says there are 8 or 9 types of intelligence
linguistic spatial musical logical-mathematical bodily-kinesthetic naturalist existential intrapersonal interpersonal |
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Flynn Effect
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IQ scores have dramatically risen due to environmental changes
more education leisure activities CPUs nutrition |
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Emotional intelligence and the 4 attributes of emotional intelligence
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recognizing emotions
managing feelings motivating oneself recognizing others' emotions |
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Research on environmental and genetic contributions to intelligence
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genetics account for 72% of IQ variation in affluent environments
" " " 10% " " " " " |
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birth order and intelligence
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generally the first child is the most intelligent
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framing effect
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presentation affects how info is perceived
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mental set
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approaching a situation in a certain way because that way worked in the past
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functional fixedness
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only thinking of using an object the way it is supposed to be used
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How happiness and fear affect the “scope of attention”
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fear narrows the scope of attention while happiness broadens it
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Maslow’s hierarchical theory of motivation
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Self-actualization
Esteem Needs Social Needs Safety Needs Psychological Needs |
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Drive Theory
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drives push us to reduce internal imbalance
need for food->arousal (hunger)->eat (seek homeostasis) |
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Cannon-Bard Theory
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both arousal and emotion happen at the same time
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James-Lange Theory
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feel emotions after body reacts
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Two Factor Theory
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your arousal and the contest of the situation form the emotion
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Schacter-Singer experiment
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those told epinephrine shot were happier and vice versa
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Capilano Bridge study
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2 factory theory of emotion, proposed fear turned into love
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Evidence for positive and negative emotions as separate in the brain
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EEGs
People with happier outlook show more activation in brain depressed show lower activation |
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Yerkes-Dodson law
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Intermediate arousal=peak performance
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Extrinsic motivation
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emphasizes external goals
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Intrinsic motivation
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value or pleasure associated with activity
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How self-awareness (and lack of) affects behavior
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high self-awareness->act according to values, vice versa
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techniques for delayed gratification
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looking away from goal, moving around, daydreaming
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Baumeister and Heatherton’s view of self-regulatory strength
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limited resource
renewable resource can be increased with practice balance in all areas of life |
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What Dalai Lama says about how to be happy
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proper use of intelligence and knowledge develops happiness
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Central role of HPA
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(epinephrine and norepinephrine) it activates the sympathetic nervous system for fight of flight responses
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Selye’s 3-stage (GAS) theory of the stress response
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Alarm Phase
Resistance Phase Exhaustion Phase |
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Emotions of heart disease
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anxiety
depression anger fear sadness helplessness |
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Role of stress in heart disease
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stress leads to higher heart rate and if the emotions of heart disease are chronic, it can lead to it
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Primary appraisal
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assess threat
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Secondary appraisal
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Identify resources
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Theory of sex differences in stress response and role of oxytocin
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women tell others when stressed while men do not; "love" hormone important for bonding
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allostatic load
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the accumulation of stressors
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