Psych Test 1

Front 1

Structuralism

Back 1

The early school of psychology that used introspection to examine structural elements of the human mind

Front 2

Functionalism

Back 2

The early school of psychology that emphasized how behavior and mental processes enable the organism to adapt survive and flourish

Front 3

Behaviorism

Back 3

The view that psychology should focus only on the scientific study of observable behaviors without reference to mental processes

Front 4

Humanistic psychology

Back 4

The branch of psychologyy that emphasizes the growth potential of healthy people

Front 5

Cognitive neuroscience

Back 5

The study of how brain activity is linked with the thought processes such as memory and perception

Front 6

Psychology

Back 6

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Front 7

nature-nurture issue

Back 7

the controversy over the relative contributions that genes (nature) and experience (nurture) make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Front 8

Natural selection

Back 8

the principle that those traits of a species that contribute to reproduction and surveil are most likely to be passed on to succeeding generations

Front 9

Levels on analysis

Back 9

differing complementary views on behavior and mental processes analyzed by psychologists

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Biopsychosocial approach

Back 10

integrated perspective that focuses on biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis for a given behavior or mental process

Front 11

Basic research

Back 11

pure science that aims to increase psychologys scientic knowledge base rather than to solve practical problems

Front 12

applied research

Back 12

the scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

Front 13

counseling psychology

Back 13

the branch of psychology that helps people cope with challenges of everyday life

Front 14

clinical psychology

Back 14

the branch of psychology concerned with the study, assessment, and treatment of people with psychological disorders

Front 15

psychiatry

Back 15

the branch of medicine concerned with the physical diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders

Front 16

Hindsight bias

Back 16

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it (i-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon)

Front 17

critical thinking

Back 17

careful reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

Front 18

theory

Back 18

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

Front 19

hypothesis

Back 19

a testable prediction, often implied by a theory

Front 20

operational definition

Back 20

a precise statement of the procedures used to define research variables

Front 21

replication

Back 21

the process of repeating and experiment, often with different participants and in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other people and circumstances

Front 22

case study

Back 22

an observation technique in which one person is studied in great depth, often with the intention of revealing universal principals

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survey

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a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative, random sample of people

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population

Back 24

consists of all the members of a group being studied

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random sample

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one that is representative because every member of the population has an equal chance of being included

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naturalistic observation

Back 26

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Front 27

correlation

Back 27

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other

Front 28

correlational coefficient

Back 28

a statistical measure of the relationship, it can be negative or positive (-1 to +1)

Front 29

scatterplot

Back 29

a depiction of the relationship between two variables by means of a graphed cluster of dots

Front 30

illusory correlation

Back 30

the perception of a relationship where none exists

Front 31

experiment

Back 31

a research method in which a researcher directly manipulations one of more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable)

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random assignment

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the procedure of assigning participants to the experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assignment to the different groups

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double blind procedure

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an experimental procedure in which neither the experimenter nor the research participants are aware of which group is receiving the treatment

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placebo effect

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this occurs when the results of an experiment are caused by expectations alone

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experimental group

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participants are exposed to the independent variable being studied

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control group

Back 36

participants are being withheld of the independent variable

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independent variable

Back 37

the factor being manipulated and tested by the investigator

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dependent variable

Back 38

the factor being measured by the investigator

Front 39

mode

Back 39

the most frequently occurring score in a distribution; simplest measure of central tendency to determine

Front 40

mean

Back 40

arithmetic average

Front 41

median

Back 41

measure of central tendency, the score that falls at the 50th percentile

Front 42

range

Back 42

a measure of variation computed as the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

Front 43

standard deviation

Back 43

computed measure of how much scores in a distribution deviate around the mean

Front 44

normal curve

Back 44

the symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution describing many types of psychological data, in which most scores fall near the mean with fewer and fewer at the extremes

Front 45

statistical significance

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an obtained result very likely reflects a real difference rather than sampling variation or chance factors. this can help researchers decide when they can justifiably generalize from an observed instance

Front 46

culture

Back 46

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.