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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the hard and easy questions that the science of Consciousness needs to answer? How can these be studied? |
Hard- first person data (subjective experience) Easy- Third person data (behavior and brain processes) |
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What is blindsight? |
The ability to detect and identify visual stimuli by forced-choice guessing, or to demonstrate appropriate action to visual stimuli when the visual stimuli are present in blind portions and not consciously perceived |
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Which area of the brain seems to be able to operate without conscious awareness? |
Striate cortex |
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What is binocular rivalry? |
The two eyes see different things and we perceive them flipping back and forth |
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How can the researcher use binocular rivalry to study consciousness? |
Make input of one eye mixed up signal and other eye the image and the mixed up signal is seen |
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What is the split-brain effect? |
Corpus callosum that connects two halves of brain is severed the connections between the two are disrupted |
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Where in the brain are Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area located? |
frontal lobe |
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Stage 1 sleep |
light sleep |
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Stage 2 sleep |
eye movement stops and brain slows down |
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Stage 3 sleep |
deep sleep starts- delta (slow) waves start to move in brain |
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Stage 4 sleep |
deep sleep- over 50% of brain is delta waves |
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REM sleep |
rapid breathing, increased heart rate and blood pressure- dreams |
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How can researchers measure the consciousness of an individual in a coma? |
Take pictures of brain while telling them to imagine something |
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What does research on consciousness tell us about free will? |
The researcher could tell that the patient was going to move their finger before it actually moved |
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What is the Modal Model of Memory? |
Sensory store----short-term-----long-term |
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Rehearsal |
repeating info to extend duration of retention in short-term men Type 1 - Maintenance, repeating stimuli in original form Type 2- elaborative- linking stimuli to each other in meaningful way |
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Encoding |
process of getting info into memory banks |
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Retrieval |
reconstruction of experiences from memory stores |
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What is Sensory memory? |
Brief storage of perceptual memory before it goes to short term memory |
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How did the Sperling study measure the duration and capacity of sensory memory? |
The duration is very short because the participants memories faded before they could recall them all |
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Echoic memory and length of it |
auditory sensory memory about 5-10 seconds |
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Iconic memory and length of it |
visual sensory memory about 1 second |
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What is Short-term memory? What is its capacity, duration and function? |
Memory system after sensory memory, around 20 seconds, memory is kept while thinking about it, then is either stored or forgotten |
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What is chunking? |
Organizing info into meaningful groupings, allowing us to extend span of stort-term memory |
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What is the magic number? |
seven plus or minus two pieces of memory |
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How did Peterson and Peterson study the duration of short-term memory? |
- they presented participants with 3 letter sets and asked them to recall them between 1-18 seconds later |
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What is Long-term memory? What are its capacity, duration and function? |
Enduring retention of info (anywhere from minutes to years)Used to remember facts, experiences, and skills |
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What are the different kinds of long-term memory? |
semantic, episodic, explicit, implicit |
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semantic memory |
knowledge of facts about the world |
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episodic memory |
recollection of events in our lives |
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explicit memory |
we recall intentionally and have conscious awareness |
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implicit memory |
we don’t deliberately remember or reflect on consciously |
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procedural memory |
how to do things (motor skills and habits) |
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priming |
ability to identify a stimulus quicker after encountering it before |
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Who is Clive Wearing? What kinds of things could he remember and what kinds of things could he not remember as a result of his brain injury? What do these deficits and retentions indicate about memory? |
He had his hippocampus severed in an accident. He could remember Paddington when told St Mary’s but when he saw his wife after being apart for 5 minutes he acted like itd been yearsHis explicit memory was gone but implicit memory was intact. |
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What are the three levels of processing and what kinds of tasks are associated with each? Which will produce the best recall? |
1. Encoding- process of getting information into memory banks 2. Storage- process of keeping info in memory 3. Retrieval-reconstruction of experiences from memory storages |
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What is a schema? How do schemas help/hinder memory? |
Organized knowledge structure or mental model that we’ve stored in memory - they equip us with a frame of reference for new situations |
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mnemonic |
learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall |
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imagery |
associate an idea with a memorable image that aids recall |
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Method of Loci |
Remembering a familiar route, if you need to remember a set, we place that set in an order along the common pathway or route. |
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Keyword method |
ability to think of word that reminds you of what you’re trying to remember |
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What is massed practice versus distributive practice? |
- studying in large increments over brief amount of time (massed) -Studying in little bits over a long period of time (distributed) - distributed is more effective |
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tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon |
experience of knowing something but being unable to access it |
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encoding specificity |
being able to remember something better when under the conditions it was encoded |
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flashbulb memory |
emotional memory that is very vivid and detailed |